Polynucleotides for Reducing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Gene Expression

ABSTRACT

This invention pertains to polynucleotides, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA), useful for reducing the expression of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) genes within a subject; and methods for treating a patient suffering from, or at risk of developing, an RSV infection by administering such polynucleotides to the subject.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.60/481,738, filed Dec. 4, 2003, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 60/522,180, filed Aug. 26, 2004, each of which is herebyincorporated by reference herein in its entirety, including any figures,tables, nucleic acid sequences, amino acid sequences, and drawings.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) a major viral respiratory pathogen andis the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infant,young children and the elderly with immunocompromise (Collins, P. L. etal Respiratory syncytial virus. In: D. M. Knipe, P. M. Howley and D. E.Griffin, Editors, 4th ed., Fields Virology Vol. 1, Lippincott-Raven,Philadelphia, 2001, pp. 1443-1485), and is also a risk factor for thedevelopment of asthma (Behera, A. K. et al. J Biol Chem, 2002,277:25601-25608). RSV produces an annual epidemic of respiratoryillness, causing bronchitis and otitis media in infants and youngchildren (Sigurs, N. et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 2000,161:1501-1507; Sigurs, N. et al. Pediatrics, 1995, 95:500-505) andpneumonia in adults and the elderly (Shay, D. K. et al. JAMA, 1999,282:1440-1446; Hall, C. B. et al. Clin Infect Dis., 2001, 33:792-796).Immunodeficiency, cardiac arrhythmia, and congenital heart disease arerisk factors for more severe diseases with RSV infection (Sly, P. D. etal. Pediatr. Pulmonol., 1989, 7:153-158; Brandenburg, A. H. et al.Vaccine, 2001, 19:2769-2782; Coffin, S. E. and Offit, P. A., Adv.Pediatr. Infect. Dis., 1997, 13:333-348).

Previous RSV infection does not prevent subsequent infections, even insequential years (Bartz, H. et al. Immunology, 2003, 109:49-57). In theUnited States alone, the severe viral bronchiolitis and pneumoniaresults in approximately 100,000 hospitalizations and 4500 deaths ininfants and young children each year (Carbonell-Estrany, X. and Quero,J. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2001, 20:874-879; Hall, C. B. Clin Infect Dis.,2000, 31:590-596). During the period of 1991-1998, RSV was associatedannually with over 17,000 deaths (Thompson, W. W. et al., JAMA, 2003,289:179-186). To date, there are no specific antiviral treatmentsavailable. Although many different approaches are being taken to developprophylactic vaccines, none have been licensed for public health use toprevent diseases associated with RSV infection.

RSV is the prototypic member of the Pneumovirus genus of theParamyxoviridae family and is an enveloped nonsegmentednegative-stranded RNA virus. The RSV genome of approximately 15,200nucleotides is transcribed into 10 transcripts, which encodes 11distinct viral proteins in the order: NS1, NS2, N, P, M, SH, G, F, M2-1,M2-2, and L. Three RSV envelope glycoproteins involves the fusion Fprotein, the attachment glycoprotein G and the small hydrophobic SHprotein. An unglycosylated matrix M protein is present as an innervirion protein. And the nucleocapsid is composed of the majornucleocapsid protein N, P phosphoprotein, large L polymerase subunit andM2-1 protein. Two nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2 are expressed fromseparate mRNAs encoded by the first and second genes, respectively, thatfollow the 44-nt leader region (Collins, P. L. et al Respiratorysyncytial virus. In: D. M. Knipe, P. M. Howley and D. E. Griffin,Editors, 4th ed., Fields Virology Vol. 1, Lippincott-Raven,Philadelphia, 2001, pp. 1443-1485; Collins, P. L. and Wertz, G. W.Virology, 1985, 143:442-451). As their promoter-proximal location, thesetwo mRNAs are the most abundant of the RSV transcripts in a linearstart-stop-restart mode (Collins, P. L. et al Respiratory syncytialvirus. In: D. M. Knipe, P. M. Howley and D. E. Griffin, Editors, 4thed., Fields Virology Vol. 1, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 2001, pp.1443-1485). Deletion of either NS gene severely attenuates RSV infectionin vivo and in vitro, indicating that NS proteins play an important rolein viral replication cycle (Jin, H. et al. Virology, 2000, 273:210-208;Teng, M. N. and Collins, P. L. J Virol, 1999, 73:466-473; Teng, M. N. etal. J Virol, 2000, 74:9317-9321; Murphy, B. R. and Collins, P. L. J ClinInvest., 2002, 110:21-27).

Clinical studies have shown that RSV infection in infants is associatedwith a predominantly Th2-like response (Roman, M. et al. Am J RespirCrit Care Med., 1997, 156:190-195). Hence, RSV is considered apredisposing factor for the development of allergic diseases and asthma(Matsuse, H. et al. J Immunol, 2000, 164:6583-6592; Behera, A. K. etal., Hum. Gene Ther., 2002, 13:1697-1709).

Interferons (IFNs) attenuate RSV replication and also have therapeuticvalue against allergic diseases, including asthma (Kumar, M. et al.Vaccine, 1999, 18:558-567; Kumar, M. et al. Human Gene Ther., 2002,13:1415-1425; Kumar, M. et al. Genetic Vaccines and Ther., 2003,1:3-12). In addition, in vivo intranasal gene delivery approaches havebeen developed using nanoparticles composed of chitosan, a natural,biocompatible, and biodegradable polymer (Kumar, M. et al. Human GeneTher., 2002, 13:1415-1425; Kumar, M. et al. Genetic Vaccines and Ther.,2003, 1:3-12; Mohapatra, S. S. Pediatr Infect Dis J., 2003,22:S100-S103; Hellerman, G. and Mohapatra, S. S. Genetic Vaccines andTher., 2003, 1:1-3). Since bovine and human RSV NS1 appear to antagonizethe Type-I interferon-mediated antiviral response (Bossert, B. andConzelmann, K. K. J Virol., 2002, 76:4287-4293; Bossert, B. et al. J.Virol., 2003, 77:8661-8668; Schlender, J. et al. J. Virol., 2000,74:8234-8242; Spann, K. M. et al. J Virol., 2004, 78:4363-4369), it wasreasoned that blocking NS gene expression might attenuate RSVreplication and provide an effective antiviral and immune enhancementtherapy.

A naturally occurring gene-silencing mechanism triggered bydouble-stranded RNA (dsRNA), designated as small interfering RNA(siRNA), has emerged as a very important tool to suppress or knock downgene expression in many systems. RNA interference is triggered by dsRNAthat is cleaved by an RNAse-III-like enzyme, Dicer, into 21-25nucleotide fragments with characteristic 5′ and 3′ termini (Provost, P.D. et al. Embo J, 2002, 21:5864). These siRNAs act as guides for amulti-protein complex, including a PAZ/PIWI domain containing theprotein Argonaute2, that cleaves the target mRNA (Hammond, S. M. et al.Science, 2001, 293:1146-1150). These gene-silencing mechanisms arehighly specific and potent and can potentially induce inhibition of geneexpression throughout an organism. The short interference RNA (siRNA)approach has proven effective in silencing a number of genes ofdifferent viruses (Fire, A. Trends Genet., 1999, 15:358-363).

RNA interference (RNAi) is a polynucleotide sequence-specific,post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism effected bydouble-stranded RNA that results in degradation of a specific messengerRNA (mRNA), thereby reducing the expression of a desired targetpolypeptide encoded by the mRNA (see, e.g., WO 99/32619; WO 01/75164;U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,559; Fire et al., Nature 391:806-11 (1998); Sharp,Genes Dev. 13:139-41 (1999); Elbashir et al. Nature 411:494-98 (2001);Harborth et al., J. Cell Sci. 114:4557-65 (2001)). RNAi is mediated bydouble-stranded polynucleotides, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA),having sequences that correspond to exonic sequences encoding portionsof the polypeptides for which expression is compromised. RNAi reportedlyis not effected by double-stranded RNA polynucleotides that sharesequence identity with intronic or promoter sequences (Elbashir et al.,2001). RNAi pathways have been best characterized in Drosophila andCaenorhabditis elegans, but “small interfering RNA” (siRNA)polynucleotides that interfere with expression of specificpolynucleotides in higher eukaryotes such as mammals (including humans)have also been considered (e.g., Tuschl, 2001 Chembiochem. 2:239-245;Sharp, 2001 Genes Dev. 15:485; Bernstein et al., 2001 RNA 7:1509;Zamore, 2002 Science 296:1265; Plasterk, 2002 Science 296:1263; Zamore2001 Nat. Struct. Biol. 8:746; Matzke et al., 2001 Science 293:1080;Scadden et al., 2001 EMBO Rep. 2:1107).

According to a current non-limiting model, the RNAi pathway is initiatedby ATP-dependent, cleavage of long dsRNA into double-stranded fragmentsof about 18-27 (e.g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, etc.) nucleotidebase pairs in length, called small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (see reviewby Hutvagner et al., Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev. 12:225-32 (2002); Elbashir etal., 2001; Nyknen et al., Cell 107:309-21 (2001); Zamore et al., Cell101:25-33 (2000)). In Drosophila, an enzyme known as “Dicer” cleaves thelonger double-stranded RNA into siRNAs; Dicer belongs to the RNase IIIfamily of dsRNA-specific endonucleases (WO 01/68836; Bernstein et al.,Nature 409:363-66 (2001)). Further, according to this non-limitingmodel, the siRNA duplexes are incorporated into a protein complex,followed by ATP-dependent unwinding of the siRNA, which then generatesan active RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) (WO 01/68836). Thecomplex recognizes and cleaves a target RNA that is complementary to theguide strand of the siRNA, thus interfering with expression of aspecific protein (Hutvagner et al., supra).

In C. elegans and Drosophila, RNAi may be mediated by longdouble-stranded RNA polynucleotides (WO 99/32619; WO 01/75164; Fire etal., 1998; Clemens et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:6499-6503(2000); Kisielow et al., Biochem. J. 363:1-5 (2002); see also WO01/92513 (RNAi-mediated silencing in yeast)). In mammalian cells,however, transfection with long dsRNA polynucleotides (i.e., greaterthan 30 base pairs) leads to activation of a non-specific sequenceresponse that globally blocks the initiation of protein synthesis andcauses mRNA degradation (Bass, Nature 411:428-29 (2001)). Transfectionof human and other mammalian cells with double-stranded RNAs of about18-27 nucleotide base pairs in length interferes in a sequence-specificmanner with expression of particular polypeptides encoded by messengerRNAs (mRNA) containing corresponding nucleotide sequences (WO 01/75164;Elbashir et al., 2001; Elbashir et al., Genes Dev. 15:188-200 (2001));Harborth et al., J. Cell Sci. 114:4557-65 (2001); Carthew et al., Curr.Opin. Cell Biol. 13:244-48 (2001); Mailand et al., Nature Cell Biol.Advance Online Publication (Mar. 18, 2002); Mailand et al. 2002 NatureCell Biol. 4:317).

siRNA polynucleotides may offer certain advantages over otherpolynucleotides known to the art for use in sequence-specific alterationor modulation of gene expression to yield altered levels of an encodedpolypeptide product. These advantages include lower effective siRNApolynucleotide concentrations, enhanced siRNA polynucleotide stability,and shorter siRNA polynucleotide oligonucleotide lengths relative tosuch other polynucleotides (e.g., antisense, ribozyme or triplexpolynucleotides). By way of a brief background, “antisense”polynucleotides bind in a sequence-specific manner to target nucleicacids, such as mRNA or DNA, to prevent transcription of DNA ortranslation of the mRNA (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,053; U.S. Pat.No. 5,190,931; U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,917; U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,617; seealso, e.g., Clusel et al., 1993 Nucl. Acids Res. 21:3405-11, describing“dumbbell” antisense oligonucleotides). “Ribozyme” polynucleotides canbe targeted to any RNA transcript and are capable of catalyticallycleaving such transcripts, thus impairing translation of mRNA (see,e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,262; U.S. Pat. No. 5,144,019; and U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,168,053, 5,180,818, 5,116,742 and 5,093,246; U.S. Ser. No.2002/193579). “Triplex” DNA molecules refers to single DNA strands thatbind duplex DNA to form a colinear triplex molecule, thereby preventingtranscription (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,996, describing methodsfor making synthetic oligonucleotides that bind to target sites onduplex DNA). Such triple-stranded structures are unstable and form onlytransiently under physiological conditions. Because single-strandedpolynucleotides do not readily diffuse into cells and are thereforesusceptible to nuclease digestion, development of single-stranded DNAfor antisense or triplex technologies often requires chemically modifiednucleotides to improve stability and absorption by cells. siRNAs, bycontrast, are readily taken up by intact cells, are effective atinterfering with the expression of specific polynucleotides atconcentrations that are several orders of magnitude lower than thoserequired for either antisense or ribozyme polynucleotides, and do notrequire the use of chemically modified nucleotides.

Due to its advantages, RNAi has been applied as a target validation toolin research and as a potential strategy for in vivo target validationand therapeutic product development (Novina, C. D. and Sharp, P. A.,Nature, 2004, 430:161-164). In vivo gene silencing with RNAi has beenreported using viral vector delivery and high-pressure, high-volumeintravenous (i.v.) injection of synthetic iRNAs (Scherr, M. et al.Oligonucleotides, 2003, 13:353-363; Song, E. et al. Nature Med., 2003,347-351). In vivo gene silencing has been reported after local directadministration (intravitreal, intranasal, and intrathecal) of siRNAs tosequestered anatomical sites in various models of disease or injury,demonstrating the potential for delivery to organs such as the eye,lungs, and central nervous system (Reich, S. J. et al. Mol. Vis., 2003,9:210-216; Zhang, X. et al. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279:10677-10684; Dorn,G. et al. Nucleic Acids Res., 2004, 32, e49). Silencing of endogenousgenes by systemic administration of siRNAs has also been demonstrated(Soutschek, J. et al. Nature, 2004, 432:173-178).

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method for reducing respiratorysyncytial virus (RSV) gene expression within a subject by administeringa polynucleotide that is specific for one or more target RSV genes suchthat the polynucleotide decreases RSV gene expression within thesubject. The method of the invention is useful for treating RSVinfections in human subjects and non-human subjects suffering from, orat risk for developing, RSV infections. The target gene may be anyrespiratory syncytial virus gene, or a portion thereof, such as NS1,NS2, N, P, M, SH, G, F, M2-1, M2-2, and L, or a portion of any of theforegoing. In some embodiments, the target gene is the RSV NS1 gene, ora portion thereof.

In a preferred embodiment of the method of the invention, thepolynucleotides of the subject invention are administered locally orsystemically to the subject's airway cells, such as respiratoryepithelial cells, dendritic cells (DC), and/or monocytes.

In one aspect, the present invention is a method for reducing theexpression of one or more RSV genes within a subject by administering aneffective amount of polynucleotides that specifically target nucleotidesequence(s) within an RSV gene(s). In one embodiment, the method of theinvention involves reducing expression of one or more RSV genes byadministering a polynucleotide specific for the RSV gene, wherein thepolynucleotide interferes with expression of the gene in asequence-specific manner, to yield reduced levels of the gene product(the translated polypeptide).

In another aspect, the present invention provides a polynucleotidespecific for one or more RSV genes, wherein the polynucleotideinterferes with expression of the RSV gene(s). Preferably, thepolynucleotide is a silencing double stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA)sequence, also called a small interfering RNA (siRNA) that causesdegradation of the targeted RNA. Thus, in one embodiment, thepolynucleotide is a double stranded ribonucleic aid (dsRNA) that reducesexpression of the RSV gene. In one embodiment, the targeted nucleotidesequence is at least a portion of the RSV NS1 or NS2 genes. In aspecific embodiment, the targeted nucleotide sequence is at least aportion of the RSV NS1 or NS2 genes, wherein a first strand of the dsRNAis substantially identical 19 to 49 consecutive nucleotides of NS1 orNS2, and a second strand of the dsRNA is substantially complementary tothe first. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide is adouble-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) comprising a first strand ofnucleotides that is substantially identical to 19 to 25 consecutivenucleotides of RSV NS1 or NS2, and a second strand that is substantiallycomplementary to the first strand.

In a specific embodiment, the siRNA comprises SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ IDNO:2.

In another embodiment, the polynucleotide of the invention is a dsRNAcomprising a first strand of nucleotides of at least 16 nucleotidessufficiently complementary to a target region of the RSV mRNA sequenceto direct target-specific RNA interference (RNAi), and a second strandof nucleotides of at least 16 nucleotides substantially complementary tothe first strand. In a further embodiment, the first strand is fullycomplementary to the target region of the mRNA sequence. In anotherembodiment, the dsRNA further comprises a loop formation comprising 4-11nucleotides that connects the first and second strands. In a specificembodiment, the first and second strands each comprise 16, 17, 18, 19,20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides. In another specific embodiment,the first and second strands each consist of 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,23, 24, or 25 nucleotides.

In other embodiments, the polynucleotide of the invention is anantisense nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a single strandedoligonucleotide) that is complementary to a target region within the RSVmRNA, which binds to the target region and inhibits translation. Theantisense oligonucleotide may be DNA or RNA, or comprise syntheticanalogs of ribo-deoxynucleotides. Thus, the antisense oligonucleotideinhibits expression of the RSV gene. In one embodiment, the antisenseoligonucleotide consists of 8 nucleotides complementary to contiguousnucleotides within the RSV mRNA. In other embodiments, theoligonucleotide has a length of 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16nucleotides.

In other embodiments, the polynucleotide of the invention is an RNAmolecule having enzymatic activity (a ribozyme) that inhibits expressionof the target RSV gene(s). In one embodiment, the ribozyme comprises a5′-end flanking region having 4-50 nucleotides and being complementaryto a 3′-end target region within the RSV mRNA; a stem-loop region,comprising a stem portion having 2-12 nucleotide pairs and a loopportion comprising at least 2 unpaired nucleotides; and a 3′-endflanking region having 4-50 nucleotides and being complementary to a 5′end target site on the substrate RNA.

The nucleic acid target of the polynucleotides (e.g., siRNA, antisenseoligonucleotides, and ribozymes) of the invention may be any locationwithin the RSV gene or transcript. Preferably, the nucleic acid targetis located at a site selected from the group consisting of the 5′untranslated region (UTR), transcription start site, translation startsite, and 3′ UTR.

Other aspects of the invention include vectors (e.g., viral vectors,expression cassettes, plasmids) comprising or encoding polynucleotidesof the subject invention (e.g., siRNA, antisense nucleic acids, andribozymes), and host cells genetically modified with polynucleotides orvectors of the subject invention. In one embodiment, the vectorcomprises a polynucleotide and expression control sequences that directproduction of a transcript that hybridizes under physiologicalconditions to a target region within the RSV mRNA. In one embodiment,the host cell is an epithelial cell, such as a respiratory epithelialcell, a dendritic cell (DC), or monocyte.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application publication withcolor drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and paymentof the necessary fee.

For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference should be made tothe following detailed description, taken in connection with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1A-1D demonstrate that siNS1 inhibits rgRSV infection. FIG. 1Ashows an immunoblot of NS1 protein expression at 24 hours post-infectionwith rgRSV. FIG. 1B shows the results of flow cytometry analysis ofrgRSV-positive A549 cells and Vero cells, respectively. FIGS. 1C and 1Dshow measurement of virus titer in A549 cells and Vero cells,respectively, using the plaque assay. Data are the averages of twoindependent experiments, **P<0.01 when compared with control group.

FIGS. 2A-2E show that siNS1-mediated attenuation of RSV infectioninvolves up-regulated expression of IFN-β and IFN-inducible genes ininfected A549 cells. FIG. 2A shows an immunoblot of IFN-β proteinexpression at 24 hours post-infection with rgRSV. In order to quantitatethe date from FIG. 2A, protein bands were scanned using the Scion imagesystem (NIH) (FIG. 2B). FIG. 2C shows an immunoblot of the expression ofIFN-inducible genes in three-hour post RSV-infected A549 cells. Foreach, the results of one experiment of two performed with similarresults are shown. FIGS. 2D and 2E show that NS1 protein preventsnuclear import of IRF1 and STAT1. The nuclear localization of the IRF1and STAT1 proteins in A549 cells was examined by indirectimmunofluorescence using corresponding antibody. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01relative to control. Results of one experiment of three representativeexperiments are shown.

FIGS. 3A and 3B Effect of siNS1 on human DCs and naïve CD4+T cells. FIG.3A shows expression levels of IFN-α and IFN-β protein in RSV-infectedDCs, treated with or without siNS1 were measured by ELISA assay. FIG. 3Bshows the results of flow cytometric analysis of intracellular cytokineproduction in allogenic naïve CD4+T cells after co-culture withRSV-infected DCs, treated with or without siNS1. Results shown are fromone representative experiment of three repeats.

FIGS. 4A-4I show that siNS1 exhibits antiviral activity in vivo. FIG. 4Ashows detection of NS1 gene expression using RT-PCR at 18 hourspost-infection with rgRSV. FIG. 4B shows determination of viral lungtiter using the plaque assay on A549 cells. *P<0.05 relative to control.Airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine (MCh) was measured in miceinfected with rgRSV following 2 days after prophylaxed withNG042-plasmid complex (FIG. 4C). The results are expressed as % Penh(enhanced pause) after inhalation of MCh relative to PBS. *P<0.05compared to control. FIGS. 4D-4G show histology of lung sections of micetreated as in FIG. 4C (H&E staining). FIG. 4H shows detection of IFN-β,gene expression in lung tissue using RT-PCR at 24 hours post-infectionwith rgRSV. To quantify data from FIG. 4H, DNA bands were scanned usingthe Scion image system (NIH) to quantify data from (FIG. 4I). *P<0.05relative to control.

FIGS. 5A-5I show prophylactic and therapeutic potential of NG042-siNS1.FIG. 5A shows measurement of viral lung titer in the mice prophylaxed at2, 4 or 7 days prior to RSV infection using plaque assay on A549 cells.*P<0.05 relative to control. FIGS. 5B and 5C show intracellular cytokineproduction in spleen T cells in the mice at 5 day post secondaryinfection, which were prophylaxed at day-2, inoculated with rgRSV at day1 and day 16. FIG. 5D shows measurement of viral lung titer fromrechallenged mice (1×10⁷ PFU/mouse) at day 5 after secondary infection.*P<0.05 compared to control. Results of one experiment of tworepresentative experiments are shown. FIG. 5E shows results of analysisof lung RSV titers at 5 days post-infection by plaque assay on A549cells of mice treated with siRNA after different days ofrgRSV-inoculation as indicated. *P<0.05 relative to control. FIGS. 5F-5Ishow histology (H&E staining) of lung sections of mice treated withNG042-siNS1s at day 2 post-infection.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show NS1 blocked activation of the type-1 IFN enhancer.Luciferase assays were performed to measure ISRE-mediated type-1 IFNactivation using constructs that expressed either NS1/NS1a and/or siNS1.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

SEQ ID NO:1 is the nucleotide sequence of the siRNA for RSV NS1,designated “siNS1”.

SEQ ID NO:2 is the nucleotide sequence of the siRNA for RSV NS1,designated “siNS1a”.

SEQ ID NO:3 is the nucleotide sequence of the siRNA for HPV₁₈ E7,designated “siE7”.

SEQ ID NO:4 is the nucleotide sequence of the siRNA for type A Influenzavirus PB2, designated “siPB2”.

SEQ ID NO:5 is the nucleotide sequence of the siRNA for type A Influenzavirus pUR, designated “siUR”.

SEQ ID NO:6 is the IFN-β forward primer.

SEQ ID NO:7 is the IFN-β reverse primer.

SEQ ID NO:8 is the RSV-NS1 forward primer.

SEQ ID NO:9 is the RSV-NS1 reverse primer.

SEQ ID NO:10 is the RSV-F forward primer.

SEQ ID NO:11 is the RSV-F reverse primer.

SEQ ID NO:12 is the GAPDH forward primer.

SEQ ID NO:13 is the GAPDH reverse primer.

SEQ ID NO:14 is the nucleotide sequence of the human respiratorysyncytial virus (HRSV), including genes NS1, NS2, N, P, M, SH, G, F,M2-1, M2-2, and L; NCBI accession no. M74568.

SEQ ID NO:15 is the nucleotide sequence of the bovine respiratorysyncytial virus (BRSV); NCBI accession no. NC_(—)001989.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method for reducing respiratorysyncytial virus (RSV) gene expression within a subject by administeringa polynucleotide that is specific for one or more target RSV genes suchthat the polynucleotide decreases RSV gene expression within thesubject. The method of the invention is useful for treating RSVinfections in human subjects and non-human subjects suffering from, orat risk for developing, RSV infections. In addition, the method of theinvention is useful for increasing type-I interferon within a subject,particularly when the subject is suffering from, or at risk fordeveloping, a viral infection or inflammatory condition that reduces thesubject's type-I interferon. Thus, the polynucleotides of the inventioncan counteract the interferon-lowering effects of such infections orconditions.

As used herein, the term “polypeptide” refers to any polymer comprisingany number of amino acids, and is interchangeable with “protein”, “geneproduct”, and “peptide”.

As used herein, the term “nucleoside” refers to a molecule having apurine or pyrimidine base covalently linked to a ribose or deoxyribosesugar. Exemplary nucleosides include adenosine, guanosine, cytidine,uridine and thymidine. The term “nucleotide” refers to a nucleosidehaving one or more phosphate groups joined in ester linkages to thesugar moiety. Exemplary nucleotides include nucleoside monophosphates,diphosphates and triphosphates. The terms “polynucleotide” and “nucleicacid molecule” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a polymer ofnucleotides joined together by a phosphodiester linkage between 5′ and3′ carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “RNA” or “RNA molecule” or “ribonucleic acidmolecule” refers generally to a polymer of ribonucleotides. The term“DNA” or “DNA molecule” or deoxyribonucleic acid molecule” refersgenerally to a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides. DNA and RNA moleculescan be synthesized naturally (e.g., by DNA replication or transcriptionof DNA, respectively). RNA molecules can be post-transcriptionallymodified. DNA and RNA molecules can also be chemically synthesized. DNAand RNA molecules can be single-stranded (i.e., ssRNA and ssDNA,respectively) or multi-stranded (e.g., double stranded, i.e., dsRNA anddsDNA, respectively). Based on the nature of the invention, however, theterm “RNA” or “RNA molecule” or “ribonucleic acid molecule” can alsorefer to a polymer comprising primarily (i.e., greater than 80% or,preferably greater than 90%) ribonucleotides but optionally including atleast one non-ribonucleotide molecule, for example, at least onedeoxyribonucleotide and/or at least one nucleotide analog.

As used herein, the term “nucleotide analog”, also referred to herein asan “altered nucleotide” or “modified nucleotide” refers to anon-standard nucleotide, including non-naturally occurringribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. Preferred nucleotide analogsare modified at any position so as to alter certain chemical propertiesof the nucleotide yet retain the ability of the nucleotide analog toperform its intended function.

As used herein, the term “RNA analog” refers to a polynucleotide (e.g.,a chemically synthesized polynucleotide) having at least one altered ormodified nucleotide as compared to a corresponding unaltered orunmodified RNA but retaining the same or similar nature or function asthe corresponding unaltered or unmodified RNA. As discussed above, theoligonucleotides may be linked with linkages which result in a lowerrate of hydrolysis of the RNA analog as compared to an RNA molecule withphosphodiester linkages. Exemplary RNA analogues include sugar- and/orbackbone-modified ribonucleotides and/or deoxyribonucleotides. Suchalterations or modifications can further include addition ofnon-nucleotide material, such as to the end(s) of the RNA or internally(at one or more nucleotides of the RNA). An RNA analog need only besufficiently similar to natural RNA that it has the ability to mediate(mediates) RNA interference or otherwise reduce target gene expression.

As used herein, the term “operably-linked” or “operatively-linked”refers to an arrangement of flanking sequences wherein the flankingsequences so described are configured or assembled so as to performtheir usual function. Thus, a flanking sequence operably-linked to acoding sequence may be capable of effecting the replication,transcription and/or translation of the coding sequence. For example, acoding sequence is operably-linked to a promoter when the promoter iscapable of directing transcription of that coding sequence. A flankingsequence need not be contiguous with the coding sequence, so long as itfunctions correctly. Thus, for example, intervening untranslated yettranscribed sequences can be present between a promoter sequence and thecoding sequence, and the promoter sequence can still be considered“operably-linked” to the coding sequence. Each nucleotide sequencecoding for a siRNA will typically have its own operably-linked promotersequence.

The term “vector” is used to refer to any molecule (e.g., nucleic acid,plasmid, or virus) used to transfer coding information (e.g., apolynucleotide of the invention) to a host cell. The term “expressionvector” refers to a vector that is suitable for use in a host cell(e.g., a subject's cell) and contains nucleic acid sequences whichdirect and/or control the expression of exogenous nucleic acidsequences. Expression includes, but is not limited to, processes such astranscription, translation, and RNA splicing, if introns are present.The vectors of the present invention can be conjugated with chitosan orchitosan derivatives. Such chitosan conjugates can be administered tohosts according to the methods of the present invention. For example,polynucleotide chitosan nanoparticles (e.g., nanospheres) can begenerated, as described by Roy, K. et al. (Nat Med, 1999, 5:387).Chitosan allows increased bioavailability of the nucleic acid sequencesbecause of protection from degradation by serum nucleases in the matrixand thus has great potential as a mucosal gene delivery system. Chitosanalso has many beneficial effects, including anticoagulant activity,wound-healing properties, and immunostimulatory activity, and is capableof modulating immunity of the mucosa and bronchus-associated lymphoidtissue. In one embodiment of the present invention, the polynucleotidesof the subject invention are conjugated with chitosan-derivednanoparticles.

As used herein, the terms “type-I INF”, “type-1 interferon”, “type-Iinterferon”, and “type-1 INF” are used interchangeably to refer tointerferon-alpha and/or interferon-beta.

As used herein, the term “RNA interference” (“RNAi”) refers to aselective intracellular degradation of RNA. RNAi occurs in cellsnaturally to remove foreign RNAs (e.g., viral RNAs). Natural RNAiproceeds via fragments cleaved from free dsRNA which direct thedegradative mechanism to other similar RNA sequences. Alternatively,RNAi can be initiated by the hand of man, for example, to silence theexpression of target genes.

As used herein, the term “small interfering RNA” (“siRNA”) (alsoreferred to in the art as “short interfering RNAs”) refers to an RNA (orRNA analog) comprising between about 10-50 nucleotides (or nucleotideanalogs) which is capable of directing or mediating RNA interference.

As used herein, a siRNA having a “sequence sufficiently complementary toa target mRNA sequence to direct target-specific RNA interference(RNAi)” means that the siRNA has a sequence sufficient to trigger thedestruction of the target mRNA by the RNAi machinery or process. RSV“mRNA”, “messenger RNA”, and “transcript” each refer to single-strandedRNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of one or more RSVpolypeptides. This information is translated during protein synthesiswhen ribosomes bind to the mRNA.

As used herein, the term “cleavage site” refers to the residues, e.g.,nucleotides, at which RISC* cleaves the target RNA, e.g., near thecenter of the complementary portion of the target RNA, e.g., about 8-12nucleotides from the 5′ end of the complementary portion of the targetRNA.

As used herein, the term “mismatch” refers to a basepair consisting ofnon-complementary bases, e.g., not normal complementary G:C, A:T or A:Ubase pairs.

As used herein, the term “isolated” molecule (e.g., isolated nucleicacid molecule) refers to molecules which are substantially free of othercellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinanttechniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or otherchemicals when chemically synthesized.

As used herein, the term “in vitro” has its art recognized meaning,e.g., involving purified reagents or extracts, e.g., cell extracts. Theterm “in vivo” also has its art recognized meaning, e.g., involvingliving cells in an organism, e.g., immortalized cells, primary cells,and/or cell lines in an organism.

A gene “involved in” or “associated with” a disorder includes a gene,the normal or aberrant expression or function of which affects or causesa disease or disorder or at least one symptom of the disease ordisorder. For example, RSV NS1 protein has been found to have asignificant role in RSV replication and immunity to RSV infection.Without being bound by theory, it has been found that the RSV NS1protein down-regulates the interferon-signaling system by deactivationof STAT1, IRF1, and interferon-regulated gene expression, which arecritical to suppressing interferon action. The polynucleotides, geneticconstructs, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of the inventionare useful in decreasing expression of RSV genes, such as NS1 and/orNS2, in vitro or in vivo, consequently causing decreased production ofthe RSV protein and increased type I interferon (interferon alpha and/orinterferon-beta). Thus, the polynucleotides, genetic constructs,pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of the invention are useful inthe treatment of human or non-human animal subjects suffering from, orat risk of developing, disorders associated with impaired RSV infectionand impaired interferon production.

The methods of the invention may include further steps. In someembodiments, a subject with the relevant condition or disease (e.g., RSVinfection, disorders associated with RSV infection, or disordersassociated with impaired interferon production) is identified, or asubject at risk for the condition or disease is identified. A subjectmay be someone who has not been diagnosed with the disease or condition(diagnosis, prognosis, and/or staging) or someone diagnosed with diseaseor condition (diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring, and/or staging),including someone treated for the disease or condition (prognosis,staging, and/or monitoring). Alternatively, the subject may not havebeen diagnosed with the disease or condition but suspected of having thedisease or condition based either on patient history or family history,or the exhibition or observation of characteristic symptoms.

As used herein, an “effective amount” of polynucleotide (e.g., an siRNA,an antisense nucleotide sequence or strand, and/or a ribozyme, whichselectively interferes with expression of the RSV gene(s)) is thatamount effective to reduce expression of the target RSV gene and bringabout the physiological changes desired in the cells to which thepolynucleotide is administered in vitro (e.g., ex vivo) or in vivo. Theterm “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein, means thatamount of polynucleotide (e.g., an siRNA, an antisense oligonucleotide,and/or a ribozyme, which selectively reduces expression of the RSVgene(s)), alone or in combination with another agent according to theparticular aspect of the invention, that elicits the biological ormedicinal response in cells (e.g., tissue(s)) that is being sought by aresearcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, whichincludes alleviation and/or prevention of the symptoms of the disease ordisorder being treated. For example, a polynucleotide can beadministered to a subject in combination with other agents effective foralleviating or preventing the symptoms of RSV infection, such as thegene expression vaccines disclosed in international publication WO03/028759A1, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Various methods of the present invention can include a step thatinvolves comparing a value, level, feature, characteristic, property,etc. to a “suitable control”, referred to interchangeably herein as an“appropriate control”. A “suitable control” or “appropriate control” isany control or standard familiar to one of ordinary skill in the artuseful for comparison purposes. In one embodiment, a “suitable control”or “appropriate control” is a value, level, feature, characteristic,property, etc. determined prior to performing an RNAi methodology, asdescribed herein. For example, a transcription rate, mRNA level,translation rate, protein level, biological activity, cellularcharacteristic or property, genotype, phenotype, etc. can be determinedprior to introducing a siRNA of the invention into a cell or organism.In another embodiment, a “suitable control” or “appropriate control” isa value, level, feature, characteristic, property, etc. determined in acell or organism, e.g., a control or normal cell or organism,exhibiting, for example, normal traits. In yet another embodiment, a“suitable control” or “appropriate control” is a predefined value,level, feature, characteristic, property, etc.

RNA Interference

RNAi is an efficient process whereby double-stranded RNA (dsRNA, alsoreferred to herein as siRNAs or ds siRNAs, for double-stranded smallinterfering RNAs) induces the sequence-specific degradation of targetedmRNA in animal and plant cells (Hutvagner and Zamore, Curr. Opin. Genet.Dev., 12:225-232 (2002); Sharp, Genes Dev., 15:485-490 (2001)). Inmammalian cells, RNAi can be triggered by 21-nucleotide (nt) duplexes ofsmall interfering RNA (siRNA) (Chiu et al., Mol. Cell., 10:549-561(2002); Elbashir et al., Nature 411:494-498 (2001)), or by micro-RNAs(miRNA), functional small-hairpin RNA (shRNA), or other dsRNAs which canbe expressed in vivo using DNA templates with RNA polymerase IIIpromoters (Zeng et al., Mol. Cell 9:1327-1333 (2002); Paddison et al.,Genes Dev. 16:948-958 (2002); Lee et al., Nature Biotechnol. 20:500-505(2002); Paul et al., Nature Biotechnol. 20:505-508 (2002); Tuschl, T.,Nature Biotechnol. 20:440-448 (2002); Yu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 99(9):6047-6052 (2002); McManus et al., RNA 8:842-850 (2002); Sui etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99(6):5515-5520 (2002)).

Accordingly, the invention includes such molecules that are targeted toRSV mRNAs encoding at least a portion of one or more of the elevendistinct RSV proteins: NS1, NS2, N, P, M, SH, G, F, M2-1, M2-2, and L.In a preferred embodiment, the siRNAs are targeted to RSV mRNA encodingat least a portion of the NS1 protein.

siRNA Molecules

The nucleic acid molecules or constructs of the invention include dsRNAmolecules comprising 16-30 nucleotides, e.g., 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleotides, in each strand,wherein one of the strands is substantially identical, e.g., at least80% (or more, e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%) identical, e.g., having 3,2, 1, or 0 mismatched nucleotide(s), to a target region in the mRNA ofthe RSV mRNA, and the other strand is identical or substantiallyidentical to the first strand. The dsRNA molecules of the invention canbe chemically synthesized, or can be transcribed in vitro from a DNAtemplate, or in vivo from, e.g., shRNA. The dsRNA molecules can bedesigned using any method known in the art, for instance, by using thefollowing protocol:

1. Beginning with the AUG start codon, look for AA dinucleotidesequences; each AA and the 3′ adjacent 16 or more nucleotides arepotential siRNA targets. Further, siRNAs with lower G/C content (35-55%)may be more active than those with G/C content higher than 55%. Thus, inone embodiment, the invention includes polynucleotides having 35-55% G/Ccontent. In addition, the strands of the siRNA can be paired in such away as to have a 3′ overhang of 1 to 4, e.g., 2, nucleotides. Thus, inanother embodiment, the polynucleotides can have a 3′ overhang of 2nucleotides. The overhanging nucleotides can be either RNA or DNA.

2. Using any method known in the art, compare the potential targets tothe appropriate genome database (human, mouse, rat, etc.) and eliminatefrom consideration any target sequences with significant homology toother coding sequences for which reduced expression is not desired. Onesuch method for such sequence homology searches is known as BLAST, whichis available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information website of the National Institutes of Health.

3. Select one or more sequences that meet your criteria for evaluation.Further general information regarding the design and use of siRNA can befound in “The siRNA User Guide,” available at the web site of thelaboratory of Dr. Thomas Tuschl at Rockefeller University.

4. Negative control siRNAs preferably have the same nucleotidecomposition as the selected siRNA, but without significant sequencecomplementarity to the appropriate genome. Such negative controls can bedesigned by randomly scrambling the nucleotide sequence of the selectedsiRNA; a homology search can be performed to ensure that the negativecontrol lacks homology to any other gene in the appropriate genome. Inaddition, negative control siRNAs can be designed by introducing one ormore base mismatches into the sequence.

The polynucleotides of the invention can include both unmodified siRNAsand modified siRNAs as known in the art. Thus, the invention includessiRNA derivatives that include siRNA having two complementary strands ofnucleic acid, such that the two strands are crosslinked. For example, a3′ OH terminus of one of the strands can be modified, or the two strandscan be crosslinked and modified at the 3′ OH terminus. The siRNAderivative can contain a single crosslink (e.g., a psoralen crosslink).In some embodiments, the siRNA derivative has at its 3′ terminus abiotin molecule (e.g., a photocleavable biotin), a peptide (e.g., a Tatpeptide), a nanoparticle, a peptidomimetic, organic compounds (e.g., adye such as a fluorescent dye), or dendrimer. Modifying siRNAderivatives in this way can improve cellular uptake or enhance cellulartargeting activities of the resulting siRNA derivative as compared tothe corresponding siRNA, are useful for tracing the siRNA derivative inthe cell, or improve the stability of the siRNA derivative compared tothe corresponding siRNA.

The nucleic acid compositions of the invention can be unconjugated orcan be conjugated to another moiety, such as a nanoparticle, to enhancea property of the compositions, e.g., a pharmacokinetic parameter suchas absorption, efficacy, bioavailability, and/or half-life. Theconjugation can be accomplished by methods known in the art, e.g., usingthe methods of Lambert et al., Drug Deliv. Rev. 47(1): 99-112 (2001)(describes nucleic acids loaded to polyalkylcyanoacrylate (PACA)nanoparticles); Fattal et al., J. Control Release 53(1-3):137-43 (1998)(describes nucleic acids bound to nanoparticles); Schwab et al., Ann.Oncol. 5 Suppl. 4:55-8 (1994) (describes nucleic acids linked tointercalating agents, hydrophobic groups, polycations or PACAnanoparticles); and Godard et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 232(2):404-10 (1995)(describes nucleic acids linked to nanoparticles).

The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can also be labeledusing any method known in the art; for instance, the nucleic acidcompositions can be labeled with a fluorophore, e.g., Cy3, fluorescein,or rhodamine. The labeling can be carried out using a kit, e.g., theSILENCER siRNA labeling kit (AMBION). Additionally, the siRNA can beradiolabeled, e.g., using ³H, ³²P, or other appropriate isotope.

The dsRNA molecules of the present invention can comprise the followingsequences as one of their strands, and the corresponding sequences ofallelic variants thereof: SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:2.

Moreover, because RNAi is believed to progress via at least onesingle-stranded RNA intermediate, the skilled artisan will appreciatethat ss-siRNAs (e.g., the antisense strand of a ds-siRNA) can also bedesigned as described herein and utilized according to the claimedmethodologies.

siRNA Delivery for Longer-Term Expression

Synthetic siRNAs can be delivered into cells by methods known in theart, including cationic liposome transfection and electroporation.However, these exogenous siRNA generally show short-term persistence ofthe silencing effect (4 to 5 days in cultured cells), which may bebeneficial in certain embodiments. To obtain longer term suppression ofRSV gene expression and to facilitate delivery under certaincircumstances, one or more siRNA duplexes, e.g., RSV ds siRNA, can beexpressed within cells from recombinant DNA constructs. Such systems forexpressing siRNA duplexes within cells from recombinant DNA constructsto allow longer-term target gene suppression in cells are known in theart, including mammalian Pol III promoter systems (e.g., H1 or U6/snRNApromoter systems (Tuschl (2002), supra) capable of expressing functionaldouble-stranded siRNAs; (Bagella et al., J. Cell. Physiol. 177:206-213(1998); Lee et al. (2002), supra; Miyagishi et al. (2002), supra; Paulet al. (2002), supra; Yu et al. (2002), supra; Sui et al. (2002),supra). Transcriptional termination by RNA Pol III occurs at runs offour consecutive T residues in the DNA template, providing a mechanismto end the siRNA transcript at a specific sequence. The siRNA iscomplementary to the sequence of the target gene in 5′-3′ and 3′-5′orientations, and the two strands of the siRNA can be expressed in thesame construct or in separate constructs. Hairpin siRNAs, driven by anH1 or U6 snRNA promoter can be expressed in cells, and can inhibittarget gene expression (Bagella et al. (1998), supra; Lee et al. (2002),supra; Miyagishi et al. (2002), supra; Paul et al. (2002), supra; Yu etal. (2002), supra; Sui et al. (2002) supra). Constructs containing siRNAsequence(s) under the control of a T7 promoter also make functionalsiRNAs when co-transfected into the cells with a vector expressing T7RNA polymerase (Jacque (2002), supra). A single construct may containmultiple sequences coding for siRNAs, such as multiple regions of theRSV NS1 mRNA and/or other RSV genes, and can be driven, for example, byseparate Pol III promoter sites.

Animal cells express a range of non-coding RNAs of approximately 22nucleotides termed micro RNA (miRNAs) that can regulate gene expressionat the post transcriptional or translational level during animaldevelopment. One common feature of miRNAs is that they are all excisedfrom an approximately 70 nucleotide precursor RNA stem-loop, probably byDicer, an RNase III-type enzyme, or a homolog thereof. By substitutingthe stem sequences of the miRNA precursor with miRNA sequencecomplementary to the target mRNA, a vector construct that expresses thenovel miRNA can be used to produce siRNAs to initiate RNAi againstspecific mRNA targets in mammalian cells (Zeng (2002), supra). Whenexpressed by DNA vectors containing polymerase III promoters, micro-RNAdesigned hairpins can silence gene expression (McManus (2002), supra).Viral-mediated delivery mechanisms can also be used to induce specificsilencing of targeted genes through expression of siRNA, for example, bygenerating recombinant adenoviruses harboring siRNA under RNA Pol IIpromoter transcription control (Xia et al. (2002), supra). Infection ofHeLa cells by these recombinant adenoviruses allows for diminishedendogenous target gene expression. Injection of the recombinantadenovirus vectors into transgenic mice expressing the target genes ofthe siRNA results in in vivo reduction of target gene expression. In ananimal model, whole-embryo electroporation can efficiently deliversynthetic siRNA into post-implantation mouse embryos (Calegari et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99(22):14236-40 (2002)). In adult mice,efficient delivery of siRNA can be accomplished by the “high-pressure”delivery technique, a rapid injection (within 5 seconds) of a largevolume of siRNA-containing solution into animal via the tail vein (Liu(1999), supra; McCaffrey (2002), supra; Lewis, Nature Genetics32:107-108 (2002)). Nanoparticles and liposomes can also be used todeliver siRNA into animals.

Uses of Engineered RNA Precursors to Induce RNAi

Engineered RNA precursors, introduced into cells or whole organisms asdescribed herein, will lead to the production of a desired siRNAmolecule. Such an siRNA molecule will then associate with endogenousprotein components of the RNAi pathway to bind to and target a specificmRNA sequence for cleavage and destruction. In this fashion, the mRNA tobe targeted by the siRNA generated from the engineered RNA precursorwill be depleted from the cell or organism, leading to a decrease in theconcentration of the RSV protein (such as RSV NS1 protein) encoded bythat mRNA in the cell or organism. The RNA precursors are typicallynucleic acid molecules that individually encode either one strand of adsRNA or encode the entire nucleotide sequence of an RNA hairpin loopstructure.

Antisense

An “antisense” nucleic acid sequence (antisense oligonucleotide) caninclude a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a “sense” nucleicacid sequence encoding a protein, e.g., complementary to the codingstrand of a double-stranded cDNA molecule or complementary to at least aportion of an RSV gene. The antisense nucleic acid sequence can becomplementary to an entire coding strand of a target sequence, or toonly a portion thereof (for example, the RSV NS1 gene and/or RSV NS2gene, or a portion of either or both). In another embodiment, theantisense nucleic acid molecule is antisense to a “noncoding region” ofthe coding strand of a nucleotide sequence within the RSV gene. Anantisense oligonucleotide can be, for example, about 7, 10, 15, 20, 25,30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, or more nucleotides inlength.

An antisense nucleic acid sequence can be designed such that it iscomplementary to the entire RSV gene, but can also be an oligonucleotidethat is antisense to only a portion of the RSV gene. For example, theantisense oligonucleotide can be complementary to the region surroundingthe translation start site of the target mRNA, e.g., between the −10 and+10 regions of the target gene nucleotide sequence of interest. Anantisense oligonucleotide sequence can be, for example, about 7, 10, 15,20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, or more nucleotidesin length.

An antisense nucleic acid sequence of the invention can be constructedusing chemical synthesis and enzymatic ligation reactions usingprocedures known in the art. For example, an antisense nucleic acid(e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide) can be chemically synthesized usingnaturally occurring nucleotides or variously modified nucleotidesdesigned to increase the biological stability of the molecules or toincrease the physical stability of the duplex formed between theantisense and sense nucleic acids, e.g., phosphorothioate derivativesand acridine substituted nucleotides can be used. The antisense nucleicacid sequence also can be produced biologically using an expressionvector into which a nucleic acid sequence has been subcloned in anantisense orientation (i.e., RNA transcribed from the inserted nucleicacid sequence will be of an antisense orientation to a target nucleicacid sequence of interest, described further in the followingsubsection).

The antisense nucleic acid molecules of the invention are typicallyadministered to a subject (e.g., systemically or locally by directinjection at a tissue site), or generated in situ such that theyhybridize with or bind to RSV mRNA to thereby inhibit expression of theviral protein. Alternatively, antisense nucleic acid molecules can bemodified to target selected cells (such as respiratory epithelial cells,dendritic cells, and/or monocytes) and then administered systemically.For systemic administration, antisense molecules can be modified suchthat they specifically bind to receptors or antigens expressed on aselected cell surface, e.g., by linking the antisense nucleic acidmolecules to peptides or antibodies that bind to cell surface receptorsor antigens. The antisense nucleic acid molecules can also be deliveredto cells using the vectors described herein. To achieve sufficientintracellular concentrations of the antisense molecules, vectorconstructs in which the antisense nucleic acid molecule is placed underthe control of a strong pol II or pol III promoter can be used.

In yet another embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotide of theinvention is an alpha-anomeric nucleic acid molecule. An alpha-anomericnucleic acid molecule forms specific double-stranded hybrids withcomplementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual beta-units, thestrands run parallel to each other (Gaultier et al., Nucleic Acids. Res.15:6625-6641 (1987)). The antisense nucleic acid molecule can alsocomprise a 2′-o— methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al. Nucleic Acids Res.15:6131-6148 (1987)) or a chimeric RNA-DNA analogue (Inoue et al. FEBSLett., 215:327-330 (1987)).

Gene expression can be inhibited by targeting nucleotide sequencescomplementary to the regulatory region of the gene to form triplehelical structures that prevent expression of the gene in target cells.See generally, Helene, C. Anticancer Drug Des. 6:569-84 (1991); Helene,C. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660:27-36 (1992); and Maher, Bioassays 14:807-15(1992). The potential sequences that can be targeted for triple helixformation can be increased by creating a so-called “switchback” nucleicacid molecule. Switchback molecules are synthesized in an alternating5′-3′, 3′-5′ manner, such that they base pair with first one strand of aduplex and then the other, eliminating the necessity for a sizeablestretch of either purines or pyrimidines to be present on one strand ofa duplex.

Ribozymes

Ribozymes are a type of RNA that can be engineered to enzymaticallycleave and inactivate other RNA targets in a specific,sequence-dependent fashion. By cleaving the target RNA, ribozymesinhibit translation, thus preventing the expression of the target gene.Ribozymes can be chemically synthesized in the laboratory andstructurally modified to increase their stability and catalytic activityusing methods known in the art. Alternatively, ribozyme encodingnucleotide sequences can be introduced into cells through gene-deliverymechanisms known in the art. A ribozyme having specificity for RSV RNAcan include one or more sequences complementary to the nucleotidesequence of at least a portion of one or more RSV mRNA (e.g., RSV NS1mRNA), and a sequence having known catalytic sequence responsible formRNA cleavage (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,246 or Haselhoff and GerlachNature 334:585-591 (1988)). For example, a derivative of a TetrahymenaL-19 IVS RNA can be constructed in which the nucleotide sequence of theactive site is complementary to the nucleotide sequence to be cleaved inthe RSV mRNA, such as RSV NS1 mRNA (see, e.g., Cech et al. U.S. Pat. No.4,987,071; and Cech et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,742). Alternatively, RSVmRNA encoding an RSV protein can be used to select a catalytic RNAhaving a specific ribonuclease activity from a pool of RNA molecules(see, e.g., Bartel, D. and Szostak, J. W. Science 261:1411-1418 (1993)).

Nucleic Acid Targets

The nucleic acid targets of the polynucleotides of the invention (e.g.,antisense, RNAi, and ribozymes) may be any respiratory syncytial virusgene, or a portion thereof, such as NS1, NS2, N, P, M, SH, G, F, M2-1,M2-2, and L, or a portion of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments,the nucleic acid target is the RSV NS1 gene and/or NS2 gene, or aportion thereof. Optionally, a cocktail of polynucleotides specific fortwo or more RSV genes may be administered to a subject. Thus, forexample, the polynucleotide cocktail may include polynucleotides havingnucleic acid targets in, and thus capable of reducing expression of, twoRSV genes, three RSV genes, four RSV genes, five RSV gene, six RSVgenes, seven RSV genes, eight RSV genes, nine RSV genes, ten RSV genes,or eleven RSV genes (i.e., NS1, NS2, N, P, M, SH, G, F, M2-1, M2-2, andL). The nucleic acid target may be in any location within the RSV geneor transcript. Preferably, the nucleic acid target is located at a siteselected from the group consisting of the 5′ untranslated region (UTR),transcription start site, translation start site, and the 3′ UTR.

The nucleic acid target may be located within a viral gene of strain Aor strain B RSV. Preferably, the nucleic acid target is at least aportion of a non-structural RSV gene. More preferably, the nucleic acidtarget is at least a portion of an RSV gene encoding a non-structuralprotein (e.g., NS1 or NS2) that is common to both strain A RSV andstrain B RSV. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the nucleic acidtarget is located within an RSV gene that normally down-regulates hostinterferon, such as the NS1 RSV gene. In another preferred embodiment,the nucleic acid target is located within the human RSV NS1 or NS2 geneat a site selected from the group consisting of the 5′ untranslatedregion (UTR), transcription start site, translation start site, and the3′ UTR.

The nucleic acid target may be located within a human RSV (HRSV) gene(NCBI accession no. M745568, which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety) or an ortholog thereof, such as a bovine RSV (BRSV)gene (NCBI accession no. NC_(—)001989, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety). For treating and/or preventing RSV infectionwithin a particular subject, the polynucleotide selected foradministration to the subject is preferably one targeted to a viral genefor which the subject is within the virus's normal host range. Forexample, for treating and/or preventing RSV infection within a humansubject, the nucleic acid target is preferably located within a humanRSV gene, or the nucleic acid target has sufficient homology with thehuman RSV gene, so as to reduce expression of the human RSV gene. Forexample, for treating and/or preventing RSV infection within cattle, thenucleic acid target is preferably located within a bovine RSV gene, orthe nucleic acid target has sufficient homology with the bovine RSVgene, so as to reduce expression of the bovine RSV gene.

The mRNA sequence of the RSV protein can be any ortholog of the mRNAsequence, such as sequences substantially identical to those of RSVviruses having a non-human host range (e.g., bovine RSV).

The term “ortholog” as used herein refers to a sequence which issubstantially identical to a reference sequence. The term “substantiallyidentical” is used herein to refer to a first amino acid or nucleotidesequence that contains a sufficient or minimum number of identical orequivalent (e.g., with a similar side chain) amino acid residues ornucleotides to a second amino acid or nucleotide sequence such that thefirst and second amino acid or nucleotide sequences have a commonstructural domain or common functional activity. For example, amino acidor nucleotide sequences that contain a common structural domain havingat least about 60%, or 65% identity, likely 75% identity, more likely85%, 90%. 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity aredefined herein as substantially identical.

Calculations of homology or sequence identity between sequences (theterms are used interchangeably herein) are performed as follows.

To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences, or of twonucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparisonpurposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and asecond amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment andnon-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). Inone embodiment, the length of a reference sequence aligned forcomparison purposes is at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, atleast 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 100% of the length ofthe reference sequence. The amino acid residues or nucleotides atcorresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are thencompared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the sameamino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in thesecond sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (asused herein amino acid or nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to aminoacid or nucleic acid “homology”). The percent identity between the twosequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared bythe sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length ofeach gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the twosequences.

The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identitybetween two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematicalalgorithm. In one embodiment, the percent identity between two aminoacid sequences is determined using the Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol.Biol. 48:444-453 (1970)) algorithm, which has been incorporated into theGAP program in the GCG software package (available at the officialAccelrys web site), using either a Blossum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix,and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1,2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In yet another embodiment, the percent identitybetween two nucleotide sequences is determined using the GAP program inthe GCG software package (available at the official Accelrys web site),using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. One set of parameters (andthe one that can be used if the practitioner is uncertain about whatparameters should be applied to determine if a molecule is within asequence identity or homology limitation of the invention) are a Blossum62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4,and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.

The percent identity between two amino acid or nucleotide sequences canbe determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (CABIOS,4:11-17 (1989)) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program(version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penaltyof 12 and a gap penalty of 4.

The nucleic acid and protein sequences described herein can be used as a“query sequence” to perform a search against public databases to, forexample, identify other orthologs, e.g., family members or relatedsequences. Such searches can be performed using the NBLAST and XBLASTprograms (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-10(1990). BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the NBLASTprogram, score=100, word length=12, to obtain nucleotide sequenceshomologous to known RSV DNA and RNA sequences. BLAST protein searchescan be performed with the XBLAST program, score=50, word length=3, toobtain amino acid sequences homologous to known RSV polypeptideproducts. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, GappedBLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al., Nucleic AcidsRes. 25:3389-3402 (1997). When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLASTprograms, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g.,XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used (see the National Center forBiotechnology Information web site of the National Institutes ofHealth).

Orthologs can also be identified using any other routine method known inthe art, such as screening a cDNA library, e.g., using a probe designedto identify sequences that are substantially identical to a referencesequence.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Administration

The polynucleotides of the subject invention (e.g., siRNA molecules,antisense molecules, and ribozymes) can be incorporated intopharmaceutical compositions. Such compositions typically include thepolynucleotide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As usedherein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes saline,solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungalagents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like,compatible with pharmaceutical administration. Supplementary activecompounds can also be incorporated into the compositions. Formulations(compositions) are described in a number of sources that are well knownand readily available to those skilled in the art. For example,Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Martin E. W., Easton Pa., MackPublishing Company, 19^(th) ed., 1995) describes formulations which canbe used in connection with the subject invention.

A pharmaceutical composition is formulated to be compatible with itsintended route of administration. Examples of routes of administrationinclude parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral(e.g., inhalation), nasal, topical, transdermal, transmucosal, andrectal administration. Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral,intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the followingcomponents: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, salinesolution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycolor other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcoholor methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodiumbisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid;buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for theadjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can beadjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodiumhydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules,disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterileaqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterilepowders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectablesolutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitablecarriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, CREMOPHOREL (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In allcases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extentthat easy syringability exists. It should be stable under the conditionsof manufacture and storage and be preserved against the contaminatingaction of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can bea solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol,polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquidpolyetheylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. Theproper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coatingsuch as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size inthe case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of theaction of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial andantifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol,ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. Isotonic agents, for example,sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride can alsobe included in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectablecompositions can be brought about by including in the composition anagent that delays absorption, such as aluminum monostearate or gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the activecompound (e.g., a polynucleotide of the invention) in the requiredamount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination ofingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filteredsterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating thepolynucleotide into a sterile vehicle, which contains a basic dispersionmedium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectablesolutions, suitable methods of preparation include vacuum drying andfreeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus anyadditional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filteredsolution thereof.

Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an ediblecarrier. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the activecompound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form oftablets, troches, or capsules, e.g., gelatin capsules. Oral compositionscan also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash.Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materialscan be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills,capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the followingingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such asmicrocrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient suchas starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid,PRIMOGEL, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate orSterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweeteningagent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such aspeppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

For administration by inhalation, the polynucleotides can be deliveredin the form of drops or an aerosol spray from a pressured container ordispenser that contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such ascarbon dioxide, or a nebulizer. Such methods include those described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,468,798.

Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermalmeans. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrantsappropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, forexample, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, andfusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can beaccomplished through the use of nasal sprays, drops, or suppositories.For transdermal administration, the active compound (e.g.,polynucleotides of the invention) are formulated into ointments, salves,gels, or creams, as generally known in the art.

The pharmaceutical compositions can also be prepared in the form ofsuppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoabutter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.

The polynucleotides can also be administered by transfection orinfection using methods known in the art, including but not limited to,the methods described in McCaffrey et al., Nature 418(6893):38-39 (2002)(hydrodynamic transfection); Xia et al., Nature Biotechnol.20(10):1006-10 (2002) (viral-mediated delivery); or Putnam, Am. J.Health Syst. Pharm. 53(2):151-160 (1996), erratum at Am. J. Health Syst.Pharm. 53(3):325 (1996).

The polynucleotides can also be administered by any method suitable foradministration of nucleic acid agents, such as a DNA vaccine. Thesemethods include gene guns, bio injectors, and skin patches as well asneedle-free methods such as the micro-particle DNA vaccine technologydisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,389, and the mammalian transdermalneedle-free vaccination with powder-form vaccine as disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 6,168,587. Additionally, intranasal delivery is possible, asdescribed in Hamajima et al., Clin. Immunol. Immunnopathol. 88(2):205-10(1998). Liposomes (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,375) andmicroencapsulation can also be used. Biodegradable targetablemicroparticle delivery systems can also be used (e.g., as described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,471,996). Preferably, the polynucleotides of theinvention are administered to the subject such that an effective amountare delivered to the respiratory epithelial cells, DC, and/or monocyteswithin the subject's airway, resulting in an effective amount ofreduction in RSV gene expression (e.g., reduction in RSV NS1 and/or NS2gene expression).

In one embodiment, the polynucleotides are prepared with carriers thatwill protect the polynucleotide against rapid elimination from the body,such as a controlled release formulation, including implants andmicroencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatiblepolymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides,polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Suchformulations can be prepared using standard techniques. Liposomalsuspensions (including liposomes targeted to antigen-presenting cellswith monoclonal antibodies) can also be used as pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known tothose skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No.4,522,811.

Preferably, the polynucleotides of the subject invention (e.g.,compositions containing them) are administered locally or systemicallysuch that they are delivered to the cells of the airway, such as airwayepithelial cells, which line the nose as well as the large and smallairways. It is also preferred that the polynucleotides of the inventionbe delivered to dendritic cells and/or monocytes.

Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of compositions can be determined bystandard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimentalanimals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of thepopulation) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% ofthe population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects isthe therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD50/ED50.Compositions which exhibit high therapeutic indices can be used. Whilecompositions that exhibit toxic side effects can be used, care should betaken to design a delivery system that targets such compounds to thesite of affected tissue in order to minimize potential damage touninfected cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.

Data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used informulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of suchcompositions generally lies within a range of circulating concentrationsthat include the ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage can varywithin this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the routeof administration utilized. For any composition used in the method ofthe invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimatedinitially from cell culture assays. A dose can be formulated in animalmodels to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includesthe IC50 (i.e., the concentration of the test composition which achievesa half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture.Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful dosesin humans. Levels in plasma can be measured, for example, by highperformance liquid chromatography.

The compositions of the invention can be administered on any appropriateschedule, e.g., from one or more times per day to one or more times perweek; including once every other day, for any number of days or weeks,e.g., 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, 10 days, 2weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 2 months, 3months, 6 months, or more, or any variation thereon. The skilled artisanwill appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage and timingrequired to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited tothe severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, thegeneral health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present.Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amountof a polynucleotide can include a single treatment or can include aseries of treatments.

Mammalian species that benefit from the disclosed methods include, butare not limited to, primates, such as apes, chimpanzees, orangutans,humans, monkeys; domesticated animals (e.g., pets) such as dogs, cats,guinea pigs, hamsters, Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs, rabbits, andferrets; domesticated farm animals such as cows, buffalo, bison, horses,donkey, swine, sheep, and goats; exotic animals typically found in zoos,such as bear, lions, tigers, panthers, elephants, hippopotamus,rhinoceros, giraffes, antelopes, sloth, gazelles, zebras, wildebeests,prairie dogs, koala bears, kangaroo, opossums, raccoons, pandas, hyena,seals, sea lions, elephant seals, otters, porpoises, dolphins, andwhales. As used herein, the terms “subject” and “host” are usedinterchangeably and intended to include such human and non-humanmammalian species. Likewise, in vitro methods of the present inventioncan be carried out on cells of such mammalian species. Host cellscomprising exogenous polynucleotides of the invention may beadministered to the subject, and may, for example, be autogenic (use ofone's own cells), allogenic (from one person to another), or transgenicor xenogenic (from one species to another), relative to the subject.

The polynucleotides of the invention can be inserted into geneticconstructs, e.g., viral vectors, retroviral vectors, expressioncassettes, or plasmid viral vectors, e.g., using methods known in theart, including but not limited to those described in Xia et al., (2002),supra. Genetic constructs can be delivered to a subject by, for example,inhalation, orally, intravenous injection, local administration (seeU.S. Pat. No. 5,328,470) or by stereotactic injection (see, e.g., Chenet al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3054-3057 (1994)). Thepharmaceutical preparation of the delivery vector can include the vectorin an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in whichthe delivery vehicle is imbedded. Alternatively, where the completedelivery vector can be produced intact from recombinant cells, e.g.,retroviral vectors, the pharmaceutical preparation can include one ormore cells which produce the polynucleotide delivery system.

The polynucleotides of the invention can also include small hairpin RNAs(shRNAs), and expression constructs engineered to express shRNAs.Transcription of shRNAs is initiated at a polymerase III (pol III)promoter, and is thought to be terminated at position 2 of a 4-5-thyminetranscription termination site. Upon expression, shRNAs are thought tofold into a stem-loop structure with 3′ UU-overhangs; subsequently, theends of these shRNAs are processed, converting the shRNAs intosiRNA-like molecules of about 21 nucleotides (Brummelkamp et al.,Science 296:550-553 (2002); Lee et al., (2002), supra; Miyagishi andTaira, Nature Biotechnol. 20:497-500 (2002); Paddison et al. (2002),supra; Paul (2002), supra; Sui (2002) supra; Yu et al. (2002), supra.

SiRNAs of the invention may be fused to other nucleotide molecules, orto polypeptides, in order to direct their delivery or to accomplishother functions. Thus, for example, fusion proteins comprising a siRNAoligonucleotide that is capable of specifically interfering withexpression of one or more RSV genes may comprise affinity tagpolypeptide sequences, which refers to polypeptides or peptides thatfacilitate detection and isolation of the polypeptide via a specificaffinity interaction with a ligand. The ligand may be any molecule,receptor, counter-receptor, antibody or the like with which the affinitytag may interact through a specific binding interaction as providedherein. Such peptides include, for example, poly-His or “FLAG” or thelike, e.g., the antigenic identification peptides described in U.S. Pat.No. 5,011,912 and in Hopp et al, (Bio/Technology 6:1204, 1988), or theXPRESS epitope tag (INVITROGEN, Carlsbad, Calif.). The affinity sequencemay be a hexa-histidine tag as supplied, for example, by a pBAD/His(INVITROGEN) or a pQE-9 vector to provide for purification of the maturepolypeptide fused to the marker in the case of a bacterial host, or, forexample, the affinity sequence may be a hemagglutinin (HA) tag when amammalian host, e.g., COS-7 cells, is used. The HA tag corresponds to anantibody defined epitope derived from the influenza hemagglutininprotein (Wilson et al., 1984 Cell 37:767).

The present invention also relates to vectors and to constructs thatinclude or encode polynucleotides of the present invention (e.g.,siRNA), and in particular to “recombinant nucleic acid constructs” thatinclude any nucleic acid such as a DNA polynucleotide segment that maybe transcribed to yield RSV mRNA-specific siRNA polynucleotidesaccording to the invention as provided above; to host cells which aregenetically engineered with vectors and/or constructs of the inventionand to the production of siRNA polynucleotides, polypeptides, and/orfusion proteins of the invention, or fragments or variants thereof, byrecombinant techniques. siRNA sequences disclosed herein as RNApolynucleotides may be engineered to produce corresponding DNA sequencesusing well-established methodologies such as those described herein.Thus, for example, a DNA polynucleotide may be generated from any siRNAsequence described herein, such that the present siRNA sequences will berecognized as also providing corresponding DNA polynucleotides (andtheir complements). These DNA polynucleotides are therefore encompassedwithin the contemplated invention, for example, to be incorporated intothe subject invention recombinant nucleic acid constructs from whichsiRNA may be transcribed.

According to the present invention, a vector may comprise a recombinantnucleic acid construct containing one or more promoters fortranscription of an RNA molecule, for example, the human U6 snRNApromoter (see, e.g., Miyagishi et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 20:497-500(2002); Lee et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 20:500-505 (2002); Paul et al.,Nat. Biotechnol. 20:505-508 (2002); Grabarek et al, BioTechniques34:73544 (2003); see also Sui et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA99:5515-20 (2002)). Each strand of a siRNA polynucleotide may betranscribed separately each under the direction of a separate promoterand then may hybridize within the cell to form the siRNA polynucleotideduplex. Each strand may also be transcribed from separate vectors (seeLee et al., supra). Alternatively, the sense and antisense sequencesspecific for an RSV sequence may be transcribed under the control of asingle promoter such that the siRNA polynucleotide forms a hairpinmolecule (Paul et al., supra). In such an instance, the complementarystrands of the siRNA specific sequences are separated by a spacer thatcomprises at least four nucleotides, but may comprise at least 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 94 18 nucleotides or more nucleotides asdescribed herein. In addition, siRNAs transcribed under the control of aU6 promoter that form a hairpin may have a stretch of about foururidines at the 3′ end that act as the transcription termination signal(Miyagishi et al., supra; Paul et al, supra). By way of illustration, ifthe target sequence is 19 nucleotides, the siRNA hairpin polynucleotide(beginning at the 5′ end) has a 19-nucleotide sense sequence followed bya spacer (which as two uridine nucleotides adjacent to the 3′ end of the19-nucleotide sense sequence), and the spacer is linked to a 19nucleotide antisense sequence followed by a 4-uridine terminatorsequence, which results in an overhang. siRNA polynucleotides with suchoverhangs effectively interfere with expression of the targetpolypeptide. A recombinant construct may also be prepared using anotherRNA polymerase III promoter, the H1 RNA promoter, that may beoperatively linked to siRNA polynucleotide specific sequences, which maybe used for transcription of hairpin structures comprising the siRNAspecific sequences or separate transcription of each strand of a siRNAduplex polynucleotide (see, e.g., Brummelkamp et al., Science 296:550-53(2002); Paddison et al., supra). DNA vectors useful for insertion ofsequences for transcription of an siRNA polynucleotide include pSUPERvector (see, e.g., Brummelkamp et al., supra); pAV vectors derived frompCWRSVN (see, e.g., Paul et al, supra); and pIND (see, e.g., Lee et al,supra), or the like.

Polynucleotides of the invention can be expressed in mammalian cells,yeast, bacteria, or other cells under the control of appropriatepromoters, providing ready systems for evaluation of RSV-specificpolynucleotides that are capable of interfering with expression of RSVgenes, as provided herein. Appropriate cloning and expression vectorsfor use with prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are described, forexample, by Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,Third Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., (2001).

The appropriate DNA sequence(s) may be inserted into the vector by avariety of procedures. In general, the DNA sequence is inserted into anappropriate restriction endonuclease site(s) by procedures known in theart. Standard techniques for cloning, DNA isolation, amplification andpurification, for enzymatic reactions involving DNA ligase, DNApolymerase, restriction endonucleases and the like, and variousseparation techniques are those known and commonly employed by thoseskilled in the art. A number of standard techniques are described, forexample, in Ausubel et al. (1993 Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,Greene Publ. Assoc. Inc. & John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Boston, Mass.);Sambrook et al (2001 Molecular Cloning, Third Ed., Cold Spring HarborLaboratory, Plainview, N.Y.); Maniatis et al. (1982 Molecular Cloning,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Plainview, N.Y.); and elsewhere.

The DNA sequence in the expression vector is operatively linked to atleast one appropriate expression control (i.e., regulatory) sequence(e.g., a promoter or a regulated promoter) to direct mRNA synthesis.Representative examples of such expression control sequences include LTRor SV40 promoter, the E. coli lac or trp, the phage lambda P_(L)promoter and other promoters known to control expression of genes inprokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or their viruses. Promoter regions canbe selected from any desired gene using CAT (chloramphenicoltransferase) vectors or other vectors with selectable markers.Eukaryotic promoters include CMV immediate early, HSV thymidine kinase,early and late SV40, LTRs from retrovirus, and mouse metallothionein-I.Selection of the appropriate vector and promoter is well within thelevel of ordinary skill in the art, and preparation of certainparticularly preferred recombinant expression constructs comprising atleast one promoter, or regulated promoter, operably linked to apolynucleotide of the invention is described herein.

As noted above, in certain embodiments the vector may be a viral vectorsuch as a mammalian viral vector (e.g., retrovirus, adenovirus,adeno-associated virus, lentivirus). For example, retroviruses fromwhich the retroviral plasmid vectors may be derived include, but are notlimited to, Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus, spleen necrosis virus,retroviruses such as Rous Sarcoma Virus, Harvey Sarcoma virus, avianleukosis virus, gibbon ape leukemia virus, human immunodeficiency virus,adenovirus, Myeloproliferative Sarcoma Virus, and mammary tumor virus.

The viral vector includes one or more promoters. Suitable promoters thatmay be employed include, but are not limited to, the retroviral LTR; theSV40 promoter; and the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter described inMiller, et al., Biotechniques 7:980-990 (1989), or any other promoter(e.g., cellular promoters such as eukaryotic cellular promotersincluding, but not limited to, the histone, pol III, and beta-actinpromoters). Other viral promoters that may be employed include, but arenot limited to, adenovirus promoters, adeno-associated virus promoters,thymidine kinase (TK) promoters, and B19 parvovirus promoters. Theselection of a suitable promoter will be apparent to those skilled inthe art from the teachings contained herein, and may be from amongeither regulated promoters (e.g., tissue-specific or induciblepromoters) or promoters as described above. A tissue-specific promoterallows preferential expression of the polynucleotide in a given targettissue (such as tissue of the respiratory tract), thereby avoidingexpression in other tissues. For example, to express genes specificallyin the heart, a number of cardiac-specific regulatory elements can beused. An example of a cardiac-specific promoter is the ventricular formof MLC-2v promoter (see, Zhu et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 13:4432-4444, 1993;Navankasattusas et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 12:1469-1479, 1992) or a variantthereof such as a 281 bp fragment of the native MLC-2v promoter(nucleotides −264 to +17, Genebank Accession No. U26708). Examples ofother cardiac-specific promoters include alpha myosin heavy chain(Minamino et al., Circ. Res. 88:587-592, 2001) and myosin light chain-2(Franz et al., Circ. Res. 73:629-638, 1993). Endothelial cell genepromoters include endoglin and ICAM-2. See Velasco et al., Gene Ther.8:897-904, 2001. Liver-specific promoters include the humanphenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene promoters (Bristeau et al., Gene274:283-291, 2001), hB1F (Zhang et al., Gene 273:239-249, 2001), and thehuman C-reactive protein (CRP) gene promoter (Ruther et al., Oncogene8:87-93, 1993). Promoters that are kidney-specific include CLCN5 (Tanakaet al., Genomics 58:281-292, 1999), renin (Sinn et al., PhysicalGenomics 3:25-31, 2000), androgen-regulated protein, sodium-phosphatecotransporter, renal cytochrome P-450, parathyroid hormone receptor andkidney-specific cadherin. See Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.279:F383-392, 2000. An example of a pancreas-specific promoter is thepancreas duodenum homeobox 1 (PDX-1) promoter (Samara et al., Mol. CellBiol. 22:4702-4713, 2002). A number of brain-specific promoters may beuseful in the invention and include the thy-1 antigen and gamma-enolasepromoters (Vibert et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 181:33-39, 1989), theglial-specific glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene promoter(Cortez et al., J. Neurosci. Res. 59:39-46, 2000), and the human FGF1gene promoter (Chiu et al., Oncogene 19:6229-6239, 2000). The GATAfamily of transcription factors have promoters directing neuronal andthymocyte-specific expression (see Asnagli et al., J. Immunol.168:4268-4271, 2002).

In a specific embodiment of the expression vector (e.g., viral ornon-viral) of the subject invention, the promoter is H1 or U6.Preferably, the expression vector (e.g., viral or non-viral) of thesubject invention includes a tissue-specific promoter such as surfactantprotein B (SPB) and/or a steroid response element (SRE), such as theglucocorticoid response element (GRE) (Bohinski, R. J. et al. J. Biol.Chem., 1993, 268(15):11160-11166; Bohinski, R. J. et al. Mol. CellBiol., 1994, 14(9):5671-5681; Itani, O A. et al. Am. J. Physiol.Endocrinol. Metab., 2002, 283(5):E971-E979; Huynh, T. T. et al. J.Endocrinol., 2002, 172(2):295-302). Such regulatory sequences areparticularly useful where selective expression of the operably linkedpolynucleotide within the subject's airway is desired and/or whereexpression of the polynucleotide only in the presence of steroids isdesired. For example, it may desirable to administer a polynucleotide ofthe subject invention operably linked to a steroid response element,wherein a steroid is co-administered to the subject as combinationtherapy.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to host cellscontaining the above described recombinant constructs. Host cells aregenetically engineered/modified (transduced, transformed or transfected)with the vectors and/or expression constructs of this invention that maybe, for example, a cloning vector, a shuttle vector, or an expressionconstruct. The vector or construct may be, for example, in the form of aplasmid, a viral particle, a phage, etc. The engineered host cells canbe cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate foractivating promoters, selecting transformants or amplifying particulargenes such as genes encoding siRNA polynucleotides or fusion proteinsthereof. The culture conditions for particular host cells selected forexpression, such as temperature, pH and the like, will be readilyapparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.

The host cell can be a higher eukaryotic cell, such as a mammalian cell,or a lower eukaryotic cell, such as a yeast cell, or the host cell canbe a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacterial cell. Representative examplesof appropriate host cells according to the present invention include,but need not be limited to, bacterial cells, such as E. coli,Streptomyces, Salmonella typhimurium; fungal cells, such as yeast;insect cells, such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9; animal cells,such as CHO, COS or 293 cells; adenoviruses; plant cells, or anysuitable cell already adapted to in vitro propagation or so establishedde novo.

Various mammalian cell culture systems can also be employed to producepolynucleotides of the invention from recombinant nucleic acidconstructs of the present invention. The invention is therefore directedin part to a method of producing a polynucleotide, such as a siRNA, byculturing a host cell comprising a recombinant nucleic acid constructthat comprises at least one promoter operably linked to a polynucleotideof the invention that is specific for at least one RSV gene. In certainembodiments, the promoter may be a regulated promoter as providedherein, for example a tetracycline-repressible promoter. In certainembodiments, the recombinant expression construct is a recombinant viralexpression construct as provided herein. Examples of mammalianexpression systems include the COS-7 lines of monkey kidney fibroblasts,described by Gluzman, Cell 23:175 (1981), and other cell lines capableof expressing a compatible vector, for example, the C127, 3T3, CHO,HeLa, HEK, and BHK cell lines. Mammalian expression vectors willcomprise an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer, andalso any necessary ribosome binding sites, polyadenylation site, splicedonor and acceptor sites, transcriptional termination sequences, and 5′flanking nontranscribed sequences, for example as described hereinregarding the preparation of recombinant polynucleotide constructs. DNAsequences derived from the SV40 splice, and polyadenylation sites may beused to provide the required nontranscribed genetic elements.Introduction of the construct into the host cell can be effected by avariety of methods with which those skilled in the art will be familiar,including but not limited to, for example, liposomes including cationicliposomes, calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-Dextran mediatedtransfection, or electroporation (Davis et al., 1986 Basic Methods inMolecular Biology), or other suitable technique.

The expressed polynucleotides may be useful in intact host cells; inintact organelles such as cell membranes, intracellular vesicles orother cellular organelles; or in disrupted cell preparations includingbut not limited to cell homogenates or lysates, microsomes, uni- andmultilamellar membrane vesicles or other preparations. Alternatively,expressed polynucleotides can be recovered and purified from recombinantcell cultures by methods including ammonium sulfate or ethanolprecipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography,phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography,affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectinchromatography. Finally, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)can be employed for final purification steps.

As used herein, the terms “administer”, “apply”, “treat”, “transplant”,“implant”, “deliver”, and grammatical variations thereof, are usedinterchangeably to provide polynucleotides of the subject invention(e.g., vectors containing or encoding polynucleotides of the subjectinvention) to target cells in vitro or in vivo, or provide geneticallymodified (engineered) cells of the subject invention to a subject exvivo.

As used herein, the term “co-administration” and variations thereofrefers to the administration of two or more agents simultaneously (inone or more preparations), or consecutively. For example, one or moretypes of polynucleotides of the invention (e.g., vectors containing orencoding polynucleotides of the subject invention) can beco-administered with other agents. Optionally, the method of theinvention includes co-administration of a polynucleotide of theinvention and an additional therapeutic agent such as an anti-viralagent or vaccine (e.g., an anti-RSV agent or gene expression vaccine).

As used in this specification, including the appended claims, thesingular “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural reference unless thecontact dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to “apolynucleotide” includes more than one such polynucleotide. A referenceto “a nucleic acid sequence” includes more than one such sequence. Areference to “a cell” includes more than one such cell.

The terms “comprising”, “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”are defined according to their standard meaning. The terms may besubstituted for one another throughout the instant application in orderto attach the specific meaning associated with each term.

Materials and Methods

Virus and cell lines. A549, Vero cell line and RSV strain A2 wereobtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville,Md.). Recombinant rgRSV which encodes green-fluorescent protein waskindly supplied by Dr. Mark E. Peeples (Hallak, L. K. et al. Virology,2000, 271:264-275).

Plasmid constructs. The nucleotide sequence for each siRNA is asfollows: siNS 1: (SEQ ID NO:1)5′-GGCAGCAATTCATTGAGTATGCTTCTCGAAATAAGCATACTCAATGA ATTGCTGCCTTTTTG-3′;siNS1a: (SEQ ID NO:2) 5′-GTGTGCCCTGATAACAATATTCAAGAGATATTGTTATCAGGGCACACTTTTTTG-3′; siE7: (SEQ ID NO:3)5′-GAAAACGATGAAATAGATGTTCAAGAGACATCTATTTCATCGTTTTC TTTTTT-3′; siPB2:(SEQ ID NO:4) 5′-GGCTATATTCAATATGGAAAGAACTCGAGTTTTGTTCTTTCCATATTGAATATAGCCTTTTTG-3′; and siUR: (SEQ ID NO:5)5′-GGTCACGATCAGAATACTTCGCTCGAGCGAAGTATTCTGATCGTGAC CCTTTTTTG-3′.Each pair of oligos was inserted into pSMWZ-1 plasmid at appropriatesites respectively, to generate the corresponding siRNA for RSV NS1,HPV₁₈ E7, type A Influenza virus PB2 and pUR.

DNA transfection and virus infection. Cells were transfected with siNS1or controls (siE7, siPB2 or siUR) using LIPOFECTAMINE 2000 reagent(INVITROGEN, Carlsbad, Calif.). 24 hours later, cells were infected withrgRSV or RSV at appropriate multiplicity of infection. pEGFP plasmid(STRATAGENE, La Jolla, Calif.) was used for measurement of transfectionefficiency.

Isolation of DCs from human peripheral blood and measurement of IFNs insupernatants of infected DCs. Monocytes purified from PBMCs usingmonocyte isolation Kit II (MILTENYI BIOTEC, Auburn, Calif.) were seededinto six-well culture plates supplemented with 200 ng/ml IL-4 and 50ng/ml GM-CSF (BD-PHARMINGEN, San Diego, Calif.) and cultured for 6 to 7days for plasmid transfection and infection with RSV. Expression levelof IFNs in the supernatants was assayed by IFN-α Multi-Species ELISA Kitand IFN-β ELISA kit (PBL Biomedical Laboratories, Piscataway, N.J.).

Analysis of intracellular cytokine production in T cells. Human naïveCD4+T cells (1×10⁶ cells/well) purified using CD4+T cell isolation kit(MILTENYI BIOTEC, Auburn, Calif.) from umbilical cord blood wereco-cultured with irradiated monocyte-derived DCs (30 Gy) (1×10⁵cells/well) in 24-well plates for 6 days with additional culture for 8days in the presence of recombinant hIL2 (10 ng/ml); mice spleen T cellspurified using mouse T-cell enrichment column kit (R & D Systems,Minneapolis, Minn.) were cultured in 6-well plates for 4 days. Finally,cells were stimulated with PMA (50 ng/ml) and ionomycin (500 ng/ml)(SIGMA, Saint Louis, Mo.) for 6 hours in the presence of GOLGISTOP(PHARMINGEN, San Diego, Calif.) and then fixed and stained using CD8 orCD4 mAb (BD BIOSCIENCES, San Diego, Calif.) for flow cytometry analysis.

Immunofluorescence. A549 cells were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde,permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100, and blocked with 3% Donkey serumin PBS containing 1% Glycerin for 60 minutes. Cells were next incubatedwith IRF1 antibody (SANTA CRUZ BIOTEC, Santa Cruz, Calif.) or pSTAT1(Ser 727, Upstate, Charlottesville, Va.), respectively, and then withZENON ALEXA FLUOR 488 (MOLECULAR PROBES, Eugene, Oreg.). The slides werevisualized by immunofluorescence microscopy.

Plaque assay. 10-fold serial dilutions of the supernatants were added toa monolayer of A549 cells and the medium in each well of six-wellculture plates was replaced by an agarose-containing overlay (2×DMEM,10% FBS, 1% low melting point agarose (GIBCO BRL, Rockville, Md.). Theplates were incubated at 37° C. for 5 days. Afterwards, 1% neutral red(SIGMA, Saint Louis, Mo.) was added and the plaques were counted 48hours later.

Microarray assays. Total RNAs were extracted by RNASE (QIAGEN RNeasyKit). 10 μg of total RNAs were used to prepare cDNA. Gene expression wasanalyzed with GENECHIP Human Genome U95Av2 probe array (AFFYMETRIX,Santa Clara, Calif.) according to the manufacture's protocol (ExpressionAnalysis Technical Manual). Data analysis was performed with MicroarraySuite 5.0 (MAS 5.0).

Protein expression analysis by Western blotting. Transfected A549 cellswere infected with rgRSV (MOI=1). The whole cell lysates wereelectrophoresed on 12% polyacrylamide gels and the proteins weretransferred to PVDF membranes (BIO-RAD, Hercules, Calif.). The blot wasincubated separately with RSV polyclonal antibody (AB1128, CHEMICON Int.Temecula, Calif.), STAT1, pSTAT1 (Tyr 701), STAT2, IRF1, IRF3, IRF7,ISGF-3γ and IFN-β (SANTA CRUZ BIOTECH, Santa Cruz, Calif.), pSTAT1 (Ser727, Upstate, Charlottesville, Va.) or M×A antibody (Dr. Otto Haller,Germany). Immunoblot signals were developed by SUPER SIGNAL ULTRAchemiluminescent reagent (PIERCE, Rockford, Ill.).

Studies in mice. Animal studies were approved by the University of SouthFlorida and VA Hospital Institutional Animal Care and UtilizationCommittee. All animal studies were blinded to remove investigator bias.Six-week old female BALB/c mice (n=8 per group) purchased from CharlesRiver Laboratory (Frederick, Md.) were administered with plasmid withNG042 (TRANSGENEX NANOBIOTECH Inc., Tampa) intranasally (10 μg/mouse ofplasmid) prior to or after rgRSV inoculation (5×10⁶ PFU/mouse). Thepulmonary function was evaluated at day 4 post-infection as describedpreviously (Kumar, M. et al. Hum. Gene Ther., 2002, 13:1415-1425).Finally, all mice were sacrificed the next day. The RSV titer wasdetermined by plaque assay from the lung homogenate (n=8), andhistological sections from lungs (n=8) were stained with hematoxylin andeosin. RT-PCR analysis in the lung tissue was performed using thefollowing primers. IFN-β: Forward, 5′-ATAAGCAGCTC-CAGCTCCAA-3′ (SEQ IDNO:6), Reverse, 5′-CTGTCTGCTGGTGGAGTTCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:7); RSV-NS1:Forward, 5′-ATGGGGTGCAATTCATTGAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:8), Reverse,5′-CAGGGCACACTTCACTGCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:9); RSV-F: Forward,5′-TGCAGTGCAGTTAGCAAAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:10), Reverse,5′-TCTGGCTCGATTGTTTGTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:11); and GAPDH: Forward,5′-CCCTTCATTGACCTCAACT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:12), Reverse,5′-GACGCCAGTG-GACTCCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:13). PCR products were visualized bygel electrophoresis and quantified by densitometry.

Statistical analysis. Pairs of groups were compared by Student t test.Differences between groups were considered significant at p<0.05. Datafor all measurements are expressed as means±SD. TABLE 1 IFN-induciblegenes change more than 6-fold in RSV-infected A549 cells. Comparison^(b)Genebank Fold rgRSV accession change + number Gene Function (FC)³ rgRSVsiNS1 NM_007315 STAT1 signal transducer and activator of transcription 16 D I NM_002198 IRF1 interferon regulatory factor 1 6 D I NM_001571 IRF3interferon regulatory factor 3 6 NC I NM_004030 IRF7 interferonregulatory factor 7 6 D I NM_006084 IRF9 ISGF3G (p48) 6 D I NM_005531IFI16 interferon gamma-inducible protein 16 6 D I NM_005532 IFI27interferon, alpha-inducible protein 27 6 D I NM_006332 IFI30 interferongamma-inducible protein 30 6 D I BF338947 IFITM2 interferon inducedtransmembrane protein 2 6 D I AL121994 1-8U contains a pseudogenesimilar to IFITM3 6 D I (interferon induced transmembrane protein 3,STSs and GSSs BE049439 IFI44 interferon-induced, hepatitis C-associated8 D I microtubular aggregate protein (44 kD) NM_004509 IFI41 SP110nuclear body protein (interferon-induced 6 D I protein 75, 52 kD)NM_003641 PTS 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase-interferon 6 D Iinduced transmembrane protein 1 (9-27) (IFITM1) NM_005101 ISG15interferon alpha-inducible protein (clone IFI-15K) 6 D I NM_002201 ISG20interferon stimulated gene (20 kD) (ISG20) 6 D I NM_022147 IFRG28 28 kDinterferon responsive protein 8 D I NM_002176 IFNB1 interferon beta 1,fibroblast 8 D I NM_002462 MxA interferon-regulated resistanceGTP-binding protein 6 D I NM_002463 MxB interferon-regulated resistanceGTP-binding protein 7 D I NM_016817 OAS2 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase2, 69/71 kDa 8 D I NM_003733 OASL 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like 6D I NM_016816 OAS1 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46 kDa 6 D INM_006187 OAS3 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, 100 kDa 6 D INM_001550 IFRD1 interferon-related developmental regulator 1 6 D INM_001547 IFIT2 interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide 8 D Irepeats 2^(a)Value for the fold change in expression calculated by the MicroarraySuite 5.0 (MAS 5.0) program.^(b)The data were compared to arrays of rgRSV-infected A549 cells eitherwith or without siNS1 treatment. I, increased; NC, not changed; D,decreased.

It should be understood that the examples and embodiments describedherein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modificationsor changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in theart and are to be included within the spirit and purview of thisapplication.

EXAMPLE 1 siNS1 Inhibition of rgRSV Infection

Two different siRNA oligos for RSV NS1, siNS1 and siNS1a, HPV18E7 (siE7)and Influenza virus PB2 (siPB2) were designed and cloned into thepSMWZ-1 vector (Zhang, W. et al. Genetic Vaccines Ther., 2004, 2:8-12).Analysis of EGFP expression in A549 cells co-transfected with pEGFP andsiNS1/1a, siE7 or siPB2 demonstrates that none of siRNAs silence theEGFP gene (data not shown). Immunoblotting results show thatpre-transfection of A549 cells with siNS1, but not siE7, significantlyreduces the expression of NS1 proteins (FIG. 1A), but not that of otherviral proteins (data not shown). To test whether siNS1 attenuates virusinfection, A549 cells and type-1 IFN deficient (Mosca, J. D. and Pitha,P. M. Mol. Cell. Biol., 1986, 6:2279-2283) Vero cells were transfectedwith the siNS1, siNS1a, or control siRNAs, and then infected with rgRSV(Hallak, L. K. et al. Virology, 2000, 271:264-275). The results of flowcytometry show a significant decrease in the percentage of cellsexpressing EGFP. In marked contrast to A549, siNS1/1a does not decreaseviral replication in Vero cells compared to controls (FIG. 1B).Furthermore, plaque assays for RSV titers in culture supernatantsindicate that siNS1 significantly decreases rgRSV titer compared tocontrols (P<0.01) in A549 cells (FIG. 1C), but not Vero cells (FIG. 1D).Plaque assays using siNS1a gave results similar to those from siNS1 (notshown). Together, these results indicate that siNS1 attenuates RSVinfection in a gene-specific fashion, and this attenuation may involveNS1-modulation of the type-1 IFN pathway.

EXAMPLE 2 Mechanism of siNS1-Mediated Upregulation of Type-1 IFN Pathway

The finding that RSV infection of A549 cells, but not Vero cells, isaffected by siNS treatment suggests a role of NS1 protein in thepromotion of RSV infection by inhibiting the type-1 IFN pathway.

To verify whether NS1 decreases the amount of type-1 IFN, the expressionof IFN-β was examined by immunoblotting. The results show that A549cells transfected with siNS1 or siNS1a, upon RSV infection, producesignificantly increased amounts of IFN-β, compared to the differentcontrols, including totally unrelated siRNA with no homology tomammalian genes (siUR), (FIGS. 2A and 2B).

To further examine the role of NS1 in regulating the IFN pathway, RNAsfrom control and siNS1-transduced cells were isolated and subjected tomicroarray analyses. The results show that siNS1 treatment increased theexpression (≧6 fold-change) of 25 IFN-inducible genes compared to rgRSVinfection alone (Table 1), and the expression of a number of alteredgenes was investigated by western blotting. The results show that thepSTAT1 (Ser 727), STAT1, IRF1, IRF3, ISGF-3γ and M×A proteins wereup-regulated after siNS1 inhibition (FIG. 2C).

To determine whether NS1 affects STAT1 and IRF1 translocation in A549cells, transfected-cells were infected with wild-type RSV (MOI=0.1),fixed 3 hours later, permeabilized, and stained with appropriateantibody. Cells treated with siNS1 showed significantly higher nuclearlocalization of phospho-STAT1 and IRF1 compared to controls (FIGS. 2Dand 2E), suggesting that the NS1 protein blocks trafficking of theseproteins into the nucleus.

EXAMPLE 3 Silencing NS1 Polarizes Human Dendritic Cells Toward aTh1-Promoting Phenotype

Monocytes isolated from human peripheral blood were cultured withrequisite cytokines to test whether siNS1 expression affectsRSV-infected DC activity. Thus, the IFN-α and IFN-β concentrations weremeasured in the supernatants from cultured, infected, monocyte-derivedDCs transfected with siNS1 or control. The data show that siNS1treatment induces a significantly higher production of both type-1 IFNsin infected DCs than it does in controls (FIG. 3A). Furthermore, toassess the effect of siNS1-treated DCs on T-cell function, allogenicnaïve CD4+T cells were co-cultured with RSV-infected DCs treated with orwithout siNS1. The results of intracellular cytokine staining showed anincrease in IFN-γ and a decrease in IL-4 secretion in naïve CD4+T cellsfor siNS1-treated, RSV-infected DCs, compared with controls (FIG. 3B).

EXAMPLE 4 Prophylaxis with Nanoparticle-Complexed siNS1(Nano-siNS1)Significantly Attenuates RSV Infection and Pulmonary Pathology in Mice

To determine whether siNS1 exerts an antiviral response in vivo inBALB/c mice, the siNS1 plasmid was complexed with a nanochitosanpolymer, referred to as Nanogene 042 (NG042). The nanoparticles wereadministered as a nasal drop 2 days before viral inoculation. NS1expression in the lungs (n=6) of mice was assayed by RT-PCR 18 hourspost-infection. As revealed by RT-PCR data, siNS1 significantly knockeddown expression of the RSV-NS1 gene but not of the RSV-F gene (FIG. 4A).The viral titer in supernatants of homogenized lungs (n=8) was alsoindicated to significantly decrease in the siNS1-treatment infected micecompared to controls (P<0.05) (FIG. 4B). These mice (n=8) werechallenged with methacholine at day 4 following rgRSV infection.RSV-infected mice showed a greater than 400% increase in enhanced pause(Penh) values compared to baseline and a 300% increase compared to thesiNS1 group (FIG. 4C). Mice treated with siNS1 show significantly lowerAHR than that of untreated mice (P<0.05) and exhibit a significantreduction in pulmonary inflammation, as evidenced by decreases in thegoblet cell hyperplasia of the bronchi and in the number of infiltratinginflammatory cells in the interstitial regions compared to controls(FIGS. 4D-4G).

To assess IFN-β expression in the lung tissue, total RNAs were extractedfrom the indicated group (n=6), with siRNA treatment 2 days before RSVinoculation, and assayed by RT-PCR 24 hours post-infection. The resultsshowed that knockdown of the RSV NS1 gene significantly increased IFN-βexpression in the lung compared to controls (P<0.05) (FIGS. 4H and 4I).Examination of IFN-α level in the BAL fluid by ELISA revealed a 2-foldincrease in IFN concentration in siNS1-treated mice compared to controlmice (not shown).

EXAMPLE 5 Potential of Nano-siNS1 for Prophylaxis and Treatment of RSVInfection

To investigate the persistence of siNS1 prophylaxis, mice were treatedwith NG042-siNS1 complex for 2, 4 and 7 days prior to viral inoculation.Analysis of viral titers 5 days post-infection shows that the siNS1effect can last for at least 4 days, although treatment at day-7 stilllowers viral titer by 1 log compared to control (FIG. 5A). To testwhether prophylactic blocking of NS1 activity can induce anti-RSVimmunity and provide protection from re-infection, mice wereadministered with NG042-siNS1, inoculated with RSV (5×10⁶ PFU/mouse) 2days after and re-inoculated with RSV (10⁷ PFU/mouse) after 16 days.Cellular immunity induced by RSV at 5 days post-infection was examinedin these mice by intracellular cytokine staining of splenocytes forIFN-γ and IL-4. Splenocytes of mice treated with NG042-siNS1 show anincrease in IFN-γ production in both CD4+ and CD8+T cells and alsoincreases in IL-4 production in CD4+T cells compared with controls(FIGS. 5B and 5C). Also, examination of virus titer following secondaryinfection revealed that mice treated with NG042-siNS1 show a significantdecrease in the viral titers compared to control mice (FIG. 5D). Thus,prophylaxis with siNS1 enhances cellular immunity and attenuates thesecondary RSV infection.

To test the therapeutic potential of NG042-siNS1, mice were administeredwith NG042-siNS1 at day 0 along with RSV inoculation or at day 2 or 3post-infection. The results show that mice treated the same day asinoculation or at 2 days post-RSV infection exhibit a significantlylower viral titer compared to controls (P<0.05) (FIG. 5E). Treatmentwith NG042-siNS1 at 3 days post-inoculation also decreases virus titer,albeit marginally. Further, lung sections of mice treated withNG042-siNS1 after 2 days of RSV infection were examined and the resultsshow that treated mice exhibit a significant decrease in lunginflammation (goblet hyperplasia and infiltration of inflammatory cellscompared to control mice (FIGS. 5F-5I).

EXAMPLE 6 RSV NS1 Protein Blocks Type-1 IFN Signaling

To test the effect NS1 protein has on the induction of type-1 IFN,pISRE-luc reporter plasmid (with IFN-stimulated response element plus aninducible cis-enhancer element) was used to co-transfect A549 cells withindicated plasmid (FIGS. 6A and 6B). A549 cells (1×106 cells) wereco-transfected with 1 μg of either pISRE-luc or pCIS-CK negative controlplasmid (STRATAGENE, La Jolla, Calif.) along with different indicatedplasmid. At 24 hours post-transfection, the cells were treated withpoly(1):poly(C) (AMERSHAM, Piscataway N.J.) (0.2 μg) for 18 h and thensubjected to a luciferase assay by using the luciferase assay system(PROMEGA, Madison, Wis.) according to the manufacturer's instructions.Luciferase assays showed that specific knockdown of NS1 expressionincreased luciferase activity significantly compared to other controls,indicating that NS1 protein blocks type-1 IFN signaling.

In this experiment, siNS1/1a induced significantly higher amounts of IFNcompared to siE7 or siPB2 (the same vector as siNS1), indicating thatNS1 is involved in antagonizing type-1 IFN. In addition, thetransfection of Vero cells either with siE7 or siPB2 did not attenuateviral infection, and luciferase assays also indicated that even the sameempty vector induced almost the same amount of luciferase activity assiRNAs alone, suggesting that the plasmid itself might inducetransfected A549 cells to up-regulate certain IFN-inducible genes. Thiscould account for the finding that siE7 or siPB2 somewhat reduced rgRSVproduction in vitro or in vivo and that siE7 and siPB2, even the emptyvector (data not shown) induced IFN-β in A549 cells.

The data disclosed herein describes, for the first time, the significantrole of NS1 in RSV replication and immunity to RSV infection. Thesestudies demonstrate that the NS1 protein down-regulates theIFN-signaling system by deactivation of STAT1, IRF1, and IFN-regulatedgene expression, which are critical to suppressing IFN action.Furthermore, the results reveal the potential for nanoparticlesencapsulating siNS1 for the prophylaxis and treatment of RSV infections.

Vector-driven de novo expression of siRNA to attenuate RSV infection hasnot been reported heretofore, although antisenseoligonucleotide-mediated attenuation of RSV infection in African greenmonkeys has been reported (Leaman, D. W. et al. Virology, 2002,292:70-77). However, the potential of this approach remains uncertain asthe effects of these oligos were measured at the very early stage ofinfection, i.e., 30 minutes post-RSV challenge. Mechanistically, bothantisense and siRNA work at the post-transcriptional level to reduce theexpression of the target gene. The antisense oligonucleotides accumulatein the nucleus and may alter splicing of precursor mRNA (Fisher, T. L.et al. Nucleic Acids Res., 1993, 21:3857-3865; Kole, R. and Sazani, P.Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther., 2001, 3:229-234). In contrast, siRNAs exertfunction in the cytoplasm (Billy, E. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,2001, 98:14428-14433), which is the site of RSV replication. Also,intracellular expression from RNA polymerase III promoters enables theproduction of stably expressing siRNA in the cell with sustainedknockdown of the target, and hence, lower concentrations are needed toachieve levels of knockdown that are comparable to those from antisensereagents.

A major finding of this report is the demonstration that DNA-vectordriven siNS1 expression is capable of significantly attenuating the RSVinfection of human epithelial cells, which are the primary targets ofRSV replication. A549 epithelial cells were used, as they are similar tocultured primary airway cells in terms of their susceptibility to RSV(Arnold, R. et al. Immunology, 1994, 82:126-133). The transfectionefficiency of the construct using plasmid pEGFP was 43.21% and 49.62% inA549 cells and Vero cells, respectively. Despite this, the siNS1 plasmidinhibited rgRSV production by 90-97%, which is consistent with a 2 to 3log decrease in RSV titers. Furthermore, two different siRNA constructstargeting NS1 showed almost identical results. Although the mechanism ofthe siNS 1-mediated decrease in viral titers was not investigated, itmay be attributed to the fact that NS1, located at the 3′ end of theviral genome, acts as a common early stage promoter for the initiationof both replication and transcription (Atreya, P. L. et al. J. Virol.,1998, 72:1452-1461). These results are consistent with reports thatsuggest that deletion of NS1 strongly attenuates RSV infection in vivo(Jin, H. et al. Virology, 2000, 273:210-208; Teng, M. N. et al. J.Virol., 2000, 74:9317-9321; Murphy, B. R. and Collins, P. L. J. Clin.Invest., 2002, 110:21-27).

The mechanism of siNS1-induced attenuation of viral replication wasinvestigated. To establish that the antiviral effects of siNS1 are dueto modulation of the IFN-pathway, Vero cells that lack the type-1 IFNgenes were utilized and compared with A549 cells. Whereas A549 cellsexhibited significant siNS1- or siNS1a-induced decreases inrgRSV-infected cell numbers and virus titers, no effect of siNS1/1a wasseen in Vero cells. Also, in parallel studies, Vero cells co-transfectedwith pEGFP and siEGFP, not siNS1, showed significant knock down (91.68%)of EGFP gene expression (not shown). These results show a definitiverole of siNS1/1a in the attenuation of RSV replication and implicate thetype-1 IFN pathway in this process.

IFNs drive a cascade of intracellular signaling, resulting in theexpression of a large number of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) thatexert the pleiotropic effects of IFN, including interference with viralreplication and modulation of the host immune response (Stark, G. R. etal. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1998, 67:227-264). The level of expression ofIFN-inducible genes in infected A549 cells treated with siNS1 wassignificantly altered, as revealed by the microarray data. IRF3 and M×Aexpression were up-regulated after NS1 inhibition, in agreement with aprevious report on bovine RSV (Bossert, B. et al. J. Virol., 2003,77:8661-8668), although STAT2 levels were not changed. In addition,expression of STAT1, IRF1, and ISGF-3γ, were significantly up-regulatedin our studies, compared to control. IRF1 may play a criticallyimportant role in human RSV infection since it functions as atranscriptional activator (Barnes, B. et al. J. Interferon CytokineRes., 2002, 22:59-71) and binds to the positive regulatory domain 1(PRD1) of the IFN-β promoter (Harada, H. et al. Cell, 1989, 58:729-739)and to the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) of IFN-stimulatedgenes (Pine, R. et al. Mol. Cell. Biol., 1990, 10:2448-2457). ISGF-3γencodes a protein-interaction function that allows recruitment of STAT1and STAT2, their translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, andinitiation of transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) (Stark, G. R.et al. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1998, 67:227-264). Furthermore, results showthat both the IRF1 and phospho-STAT1 proteins translocate into thenucleus of infected A549 cells through knockdown of the NS1 protein,which suggests that NS1 targets activation of STAT1 and IRF1.

An important finding of this study is that siNS1/1a inducedsignificantly higher amounts (a three-fold increase) of IFN-β comparedto controls including siE7 or siPB2 (the same vector as siNS1) and thetotally unrelated siRNA, indicating that NS1 is involved in antagonizingtype-1 IFN. These results are in agreement with the increases in IFNproduction observed with NS1/NS2-deleted human RSV infection (Bossert,B. and Conzelmann, K. K. J. Virol., 2002, 76:4287-4293; Bossert, B. etal. J. Virol., 2003, 77:8661-8668; Schlender, J. et al. J. Virol., 2000,74:8234-8242; Spann, K. M. et al. J. Virol., 2004, 78:4363-4369). It isnoteworthy, however, that compared to RSV-infected cells, cellstransfected with either the vector plasmid or with siRNA targetingdifferent viral antigens or a totally unrelated siRNA and showed aslight increase of IFN-β production following RSV infection. This may beattributed to plasmid-driven siRNA-induced IFN-stimulated genes,including PKR and OAS (Sledz, C. A. et al. Nat. Cell. Biol., 2003,5:834-839; Bridge, A. J. et al. Nat. Genet., 2003, 34:263-264), to CpGmotifs (amp^(r) gene) present in the vector plasmid that activate innateimmunity via binding to TLR9 (Sato, Y. et al. Science, 1996,273:352-354), or to the U6 promoter-vector, which induces a higherfrequency of interferon-stimulated genes compared to lentiviral H1vectors (Pebernard, S., and Iggo, R. D. Differentiation, 2004,72:103-111). The vector or control siRNA-induced IFN production alsoup-regulates certain IFN-inducible genes, particularly STAT1 and IRF1and 3, which may account for the finding that siE7 or siPB2 reducedrgRSV production in vitro by about 1 log. However, siNS1 induces asignificantly higher level of expression of these ISGs, including M×Aand ISGF-3γ, and, in addition, promotes phosphorylation of STAT1.

Whereas epithelial cells are the major target cells in which the virusreplicates, monocytes and dendritic cells play a role in generatinganti-RSV immunity. Monocytes play a role in the pathophysiology of RSVbronchiolitis (Bont, L. et al. J. Infect. Dis., 2000, 181:1772-1775),and they represent a pool of circulating precursors capable ofdifferentiating into DCs that are able to present pathogen-derivedpeptides to naïve T cells. NS1 appears to decrease type-1 IFN productionin DCs, presumably affecting their state of activation and antigenpresentation. The result of these studies demonstrate that RSV infectiondecreases the capacity of DCs to induce IFN-γ in naïve T cells (Bartz,H. et al. Immunology, 2003, 109:49-57), which might cause the delayedRSV-specific immune response and permit multiple RSV re-infections.Thus, infected DCs treated with siNS1 produce much more type-1 IFN andalso drive naïve CD4+T cells toward Th1-type lymphocytes that generatemore IFN-γ and less IL-4.

A significant result of the data disclosed herein is that a newgeneration of polynucleotide agents can be used to reduce RSV geneexpression in a subject, resulting in treatment and protection from RSVinfection. For example, oligomeric nano-size chitosan particles, NG042,can be used for de novo expression of siNS1 in the lung tissues of asubject, resulting in treatment and protection from RSV infection. NG042shows higher transduction efficiency and induces less inflammationcompared to classical high molecular weight chitosan (data not shown).The results of studies on the prophylactic potential of NG042-siNS1indicate that siNS1 induces significant protection from rgRSV infection,infection-induced inflammation, and airway reactivity, and theprotective effect lasted for at least 4 days. Furthermore, even asingle-dose prophylaxis with NG042-siNS1 significantly attenuates micefrom re-infection with a higher dose of RSV 16 days after primaryinfection. The precise mechanism of enhanced protection is unknown, butit is likely that knockdown of the NS1 gene augments anti-RSV hostimmunity via enhanced IFN production and thereby prevents mice from RSVre-infection. In addition, NG042-siNS1 also attenuates the establishedRSV infection. Thus, the antiviral treatment decreased viral titer inthe lung, improved pulmonary function, and attenuated pulmonaryinflammation in rgRSV-infected mice. Together, these data support theprophylactic and therapeutic potential of siNS1 nanoparticles.

In conclusion, together these data demonstrate that NS1 promotes virusinfection of human epithelial and dendritic cells by inhibiting type-1IFN pathway. Therefore, treatment with NG042-siNS1 either prior to orafter RSV infection significantly attenuates RSV infection andinfection-induced pulmonary pathology in mice. Thus, the siNS1nanoparticles may prove to be a potent, new prophylactic and/ortherapeutic agent against RSV infection in humans.

All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, andpublications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by referencein their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent theyare not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.

It should be understood that the examples and embodiments describedherein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modificationsor changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in theart and are to be included within the spirit and purview of thisapplication.

1: An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequencetargeted to a target nucleic acid sequence within a respiratorysyncytial virus (RSV) gene or RSV transcript, wherein saidpolynucleotide inhibits expression of said RSV gene or transcript. 2:The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said RSV is human RSV. 3: Thepolynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said target nucleic acid sequence isat least a portion of the human RSV NS1 or NS2 gene or transcript. 4:The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said target nucleic acid sequenceis located in a region selected from the group consisting of the 5′untranslated region (UTR), transcription start site, translation startsite, and 3′ UTR. 5: The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein saidpolynucleotide is a small interfering RNA (siRNA). 6: The polynucleotideof claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide is an antisense molecule. 7: Thepolynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide is a ribozyme. 8:The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide comprises SEQID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:2. 9: The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein saidRSV gene or RSV transcript is at least a portion of the bovine NS1 orNS2 gene or transcript. 10: The polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein saidpolynucleotide further comprises a regulatory sequence operably linkedto said nucleic acid sequence. 11: The polynucleotide of claim 10,wherein said regulatory sequence is surfactant protein B, or a steroidresponse element, or both. 12: A method for reducing the expression of arespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) gene in a subject, comprisingadministering a polynucleotide to the subject, wherein thepolynucleotide comprises a nucleic acid sequence targeted to a targetnucleic acid sequence within the RSV gene or an RSV transcript, andwherein the polynucleotide is administered in an effective amount toreduce expression of the RSV gene or transcript. 13: The method of claim12, wherein the subject is suffering from an RSV infection. 14: Themethod of claim 12, wherein the subject is not suffering from an RSVinfection. 15: The method of claim 12, wherein the subject is human. 16:The method of claim 12, wherein the subject is a non-human mammal. 17:The method of claim 12, wherein the polynucleotide is administered suchthat the polynucleotide is delivered to cells within the subjectselected from the group consisting of respiratory epithelial cells,dendritic cells, and monocytes. 18: The method of claim 12, wherein thepolynucleotide is administered to the subject intranasally. 19: Themethod of claim 12, wherein the polynucleotide is administeredintranasally as drops or as an aerosol. 20: The method of claim 12,wherein said administering comprises administering a combination ofpolynucleotides that reduce the expression of both RSV NS1 and NS2within the subject. 21: The method of claim 12, wherein thepolynucleotide is an siRNA and wherein the siRNA reduces expression ofRSV NS1 and NS2 within the subject. 22: The method of claim 12, whereinthe RSV gene or transcript encodes a polypeptide that reduces productionof type-I interferon by monocytes and dendritic cells within thesubject. 23: The method of claim 12, wherein the polynucleotide isadministered to the subject as a nanoparticle. 24: The method of claim12, wherein the polynucleotide further comprises an operably linkedpromoter. 25: The method of claim 12, wherein the polynucleotide furthercomprises an operably linked regulatory sequence, wherein the regulatorysequence is surfactant protein B, a steroid response element, or both.26: The method of claim 12, wherein the polynucleotide is administeredin an amount effective to increase type I interferon within the subject.27: A vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence targeted to a targetnucleic acid sequence within a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) gene orRSV transcript; and an operably linked promoter. 28: The vector of claim27, wherein the vector is a viral vector. 29: The vector of claim 27,wherein the vector is a non-viral vector. 30: A composition comprising apolynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence targeted to a targetnucleic acid sequence within a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) gene orRSV transcript; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 31: Thecomposition of claim 30, wherein said composition further comprises avector carrying said polynucleotide.